HAP EXAM 2

4 main types of tissues

epithelia, connective, muscular, nervous

Connective tissue

Spreads cells apart, primary part of cell matrix’s

Extracellular matrix Functions

Two main ground substances of ECM

Macromolecules GAGS and CAMs

What is Glycosaminoglycan cans responsible for?

They specialize in the health of joints and tend to contain

• its made up of carbs and protein

• Has hyaluronic acid

What does cell-adhesion molecules responsible for?

binding surface protines

holds cells in place

What are the different types of protein fibers

• Collogen fibers

• elastic fibers

• reticular fibers

Collegen fibers trairs

tends to be white

20–25% of all proteins in body
- resistant to tension and pressure

Elastic fibers traits

protein elastin surrounded by glycoproteins
- exhibit elasticity

• tend to be yellow

Reticular fiber traits

• tend to be web-like

• meshwork or scaffold that supports cells and
  - ground substance of many tissues

epitheil tissue traits

Consist of tightly packed cells
that form continuous sheets
• Fairly impermeable and
resistant to physical stresses
and mechanical injury
• Avascular
• BM (basement membrane)

found on evey part and lining of the body

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - abnormal collagen fiber

-hyperextensibility of skin

heart, lung and intestinal issues

can burse easily

Marfan syndrome - abnormal elastic fibers

has very over extended libs such as arms and fingers

aortic anuerysm (rupture)

eye problems

microvilli

(increases surface area for
absorption of substances)

cilia

(propel
substances through hollow organs)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE)

appears to be layered because nuclei are found
at various heights, but only one cell-layer thick
- found in segments of respiratory tract and nasal
cavity; ciliated

Stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• outercellular layers are dead
• lack nuclei
• filled with protein keratin
• outer layers of skin (epidermis)

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

apical cellular layers retain nuclei; still alive
▪ wet mucous membranes (ex. mouth, throat,
esophagus, anus, and vagina)

Endocrine glands

secrete hormones, directly into
bloodstream (no ducts) ductless
• diffused out into the blood stree,

Exocrine glands

Have ducts
• Secretions have only local effects on cells in
general vicinity
• Unicellular (goblet cells → mucus)
- digestive & respiratory tracts
- protects underlying epithelia

Carcinogens

agents that induce DNA changes (injury);
can lead to cancer

Carcinoma

term for epithelial cancer
– Lung Adenocarcinoma
– Ductal and Papillary Carcinoma – cancer of breast

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Cancer of skin →
• B.M. provides barrier to prevent/slow spread
of carcinomas

connective tissue functions

connects and binds

supports

protects

transporter (manly through blood)

is vascullar

Connective tissue types

Mast cells – produce histamine
that causes inflammation

Phagocytes -includes macrophages
that ingest foreign invaders

Fibroblasts – produce fibers

Adipocytes – fat cells

Loose connective

located beneath epithelium of skin, in membranes
lining body cavities, and within walls of hollow organs

Where is dense irregular found?

located in dermis, surround organs and joints

Where is dense regular tissue

in tendons and ligaments

Dense regular elastic CT(elastic tissue

Found in walls of organs that need to stretch (large
blood vessels and some ligaments

Reticular tissue

lso found in lymph nodes and spleen

• Forms part of B.M. that supports epithelia, internal
structure of liver and bone marrow

Adipose tissue (fat tissue)

Fat storage (major energy reserve)
• Insulation (warmth)
• Shock absorption and protection

Obesity (Hypertrophic)

lipid inclusions accumulate excess fatty acids and
increase in size; number of adipocytes remains unchanged

Obesity (Hypercellular)

number of adipocytes increases; correlates with
development of obesity in infancy or early childhood and not
adulthood; adult adipocytes lack the ability to divide to form new cells

Specialized connective tissues

cartilage

bone

blood- liquid ecm called plasma

Cartilage

Mostly avascular

Chondroblasts – immature cells that divide by mitosis

Chondrocytes are mature cells

Three types of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic

Bone

Hard matrix
– Supports and protects
– Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
– Skeleton
– Osteoblasts, osteocytes in lacunae, osteoclasts

Osteoarthritis

caused by age, joint trauma, genetic
disorders, and infection

Three main muscle tissues

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
- Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
- Smooth muscle (involuntary)

Neurons

capable of sending and receiving messages

Neuroglial cells

provide support; do not conduct nerve impulses

Serous membranes

line pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural cavities

Accessory structures

sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails

Cellulite

dimpled or “orange peel” appearance of skin
when collagen bands form around adipose
tissue (in hypodermis)

Functions of Integumentary System

protection

sensation

excretion

synthesis

Thermoregulation

body shakes when to cold

body sweats when too hot

epidermis

most superficial region
- composed of mostly keratinocytes
- produce keratin (protein)

Layers of the epidermis top to bottom

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum (water resistant)

Stratum spinosum ( mitotically active)

Stratum basale

Melanocytes

located in stratum Basale
- produce melanin (protein skin pigment)

Dermis function

Provides blood supply for epidermis
– Contains sensory receptors
– Anchors epidermis in place

2 main layers of dermis

Papillary (very top)
– Reticular (very bottom) (Dense irregular tissue)

Wrinkles

Result from age-related decreases in collagen and
elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and adipose tissue in the dermis

Pseudoscience Exposed: Tanning and a
“Healthy Tan”

Pseudoscience Exposed: Tanning and a
“Healthy Tan”

Cuticle - outer
Cortex -middle
Medulla -inner

arrector pili muscles

small band of SMC

Basal cell carcinoma

Most common of all cancer types, including skin cancer
– Arises from keratinocytes in stratum basale

Squamous cell carcinoma

Second most common skin cancer
– Cancer of keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

Malignant melanoma

cancer of melanocytes
- Arms” of cancerous melanocytes extend down into dermis and
access dermal blood vessels (metastasis)