CSC 119 - Information Technology, Hardware, and Data Representation Review

A set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering computing history, system unit hardware, number conversions, and digital representation.

In 1924, Herman Hollerith founded the company known today as __________.

IBM

The United States Census data was digitized using punch cards in the year __________.

1890

The ENIAC computer was completed in 1946 by John Mauchley and __________.

J. Presper Eckert

Integrated circuits combine transistors and connective parts through a process called __________, which prints wires onto the circuits.

photolithography

The first personal computer, developed by Xerox in 1973, was called the __________.

Alto

The first widely used Web browser was __________.

Mosaic

A precise, systematic method for producing a specified result is defined as an __________.

algorithm

A memory aid such as HOMES for remembering the Great Lakes is called a __________.

mnemonic

The case containing the electronic components of a computer used to process data is the __________.

system unit

In the Android software stack diagram, the layer located directly below Libraries & Runtime and above Hardware is the __________.

Linux Kernel

Apple refers to the main motherboard inside its mobile devices as the __________.

Logic Board

In the computer system components diagram, a modem is categorized as a __________ device.

communications

The central processing unit consists of two primary internal components: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the __________.

control unit

The four basic operations of a processor machine cycle in order are fetching, decoding, executing, and __________.

storing

The pace of the system clock is called clock speed and is measured in __________.

$$\text{gigahertz}$$

In memory cache architecture, the __________ cache resides on a separate chip positioned between the processor chip and RAM.

L3

In access time terminology, a nanosecond ($\text{ns}$) represents one-__________ of a second.

billionth

EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable __________ Read-Only Memory.

Programmable

The time required for a read/write head to move to the correct track on a magnetic disk is called __________.

seek time

The time required for a specific sector to rotate into position under a read/write head is called __________.

latency

In the provided diagram of magnetic disk organization, bits are stored along concentric circles called __________.

tracks

A single USB port can connect up to __________ different peripherals together using USB hubs.

127

When converting between number systems, each hexadecimal digit converts directly into __________ binary bits.

four

When converting between number systems, each octal digit converts directly into __________ binary bits.

three

The original ASCII code uses __________ bits to represent up to 128 distinct symbols.

7

IBM coined the term __________ to describe an 8-bit memory sequence during the development of the Stretch supercomputer.

byte

Information that describes the properties or structure of other information is called __________.

metadata

In the structural markup used for the digital Oxford English Dictionary, the tag designated for a headword is __________.

An extra bit added to a byte in memory to detect single-bit errors is called a __________ bit.

parity

In run-length encoding, a repeated sequence like bbbbbbbb is compressed into the form __________.

*b8

Huffman encoding relies on variable-length bit strings and guarantees that no character's code is the __________ of any other character's code.

prefix

To reproduce reasonable quality sound on an audio CD, a sampling rate of approximately __________ samples per second is used.

40,000

TrueColor image formatting uses a __________-bit color depth, devoting 8 bits to each RGB channel.

24

Video compression based on identifying differences between consecutive frames is known as __________ compression.

temporal

Video compression that removes redundant spatial information within a single frame is called __________ compression.

spatial

In the UPC-A barcode structure shown in the figure, the left side section encodes the manufacturer code while the right side section encodes the __________ code.

product