theories of counseling - clinical psych midterms

Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund Freud is said to be the founder of psychoanalytic theory.

•Psychoanalytic theory is a method of investigating and treating personality disorders and is used in psychotherapy.

•Included in this theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later function as adults.

Freud believed that the mind is made of two parts - the conscious mind and the unconscious mind - and that the unconscious mind often prompts people to make certain decisions even if they don't recognize it on a conscious level.

Individual Psychology

• alfred adler

• the goal of the human sul is conquest, perfection, security, superiority. every child is faced with so many obstacles in life that no child grows up without striving for some frm of significance.

• optimistic view of people

• people are born with weak, inferior bodies, that lead to dependence oon other ppl

• social interest

social interest

feeling of oneness with humaniity,, is inherent in all individuals

Person Centered Theory

•This theory was first labeled nondirective by its originator, Carl Rogers.

•

•It places great emphasis on the individual's ability to move in positive directions.

• CARL ROGERS

• We cannot change, we cannot move away…..

• emphasizes

  • therapy as ourney by 2 falliable ppl

  • person’’s innate striving fr self actualization

  • persnal characteristics and quality of relationship

  • permisive gowrth promoting climate

  • people are capable of self-directed growth

behavioral therpay

• a leader is defined according to their behavior

• developed iin 1950s after the limitations of trait theory

• focuses on what leaders do, people and coollab

• asserts with the right behavior a leader can be made

behavior

range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms in conunction with their environment

behvaioral learning thery

focus on the ways in which pleasurable or unpleasant conseuences of behavior change in individual’s behavior ver time

focus on

• reinforcers and punishers

• observable actions

• environment over genetics

commn criticisms: result in decreased interest in learning when rewards are unavailable

Rational Emotive Behavior

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a short-term form of psychotherapy that helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the rationality of those feelings, and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs.

REBT focuses mostly on the present time to help you understand how unhealthy thoughts and beliefs create emotional distress which, in turn, leads to unhealthy actions and behaviors that interfere with your current life goals.

Once identified and understood, negative thoughts and actions can be changed and replaced with more positive and productive behavior, allowing one to develop more successful personal and professional relationships.

Reality Therapy

Reality therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on problem-solving and making better choices in order to achieve specific goals. Developed by Dr. William Glasser, reality therapy is focused on the here and now rather than the past.

•The goal of reality therapy is to solve problems, rebuild connections and begin working toward a better future.

•The therapist works with the patient to figure out what they want and how their current behaviors are bringing them closer (or farther) from their goals.

Central to reality therapy is a trusting relationship between patient and therapist that strives to make the patient feel safe, heard and respected. This relationship is nurtured by finding healthier ways for patients to get their basic needs met.

dr william glasser’s basic needs

• love and beloonging

• power

• fun

• survival

• freedom

Transactional Analysis (TA)

•TA was developed by Eric Berne in 1958.

•His goal was to cure people, instead of just making progress in treating them. TA is based on the idea that people’s early life experiences determine the decisions they’ll make.

•

•These can be both positive and negative decisions that influence their quality of life. This is also referred to as the script.

Gestalt Counseling

Gestalt therapy is a client-centered approach that helps clients focus on the present and understand what is really happening in their lives right now, rather than what they may perceive to be happening based on past experience.

•Instead of simply talking about past situations, clients are encouraged to experience them, perhaps through re-enactment.

•Through the gestalt process, clients learn to become more aware of how their own negative thought patterns and behaviors are blocking true self-awareness and making them unhappy.

Multicultural Counseling

• helping methoods exxist within a cultural context

• recgnizes the difference among and within clients

• lookks at how family and cultural factors affect one’s worldview

• came frm the recgnition that many theories were empirically validated on white middle class males and therefr may not work as well with people who are from other diverse groups