PNB 2264 EXAM 2

Fluid, Mosaic

What are the two features of the Plasma Membrane’s structure?

Hydrophobic

Is the tail of a Phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic

Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Amphiphatic

Has both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions within the same structure

Glycerol

What part of the phospholipid is this?

Phosphate

What part of the phospholipid is this?

Hydrophilic head

What part of the phospholipid is this?

Hydrophobic tail

What part of the phospholipid is this?

Saturated fatty acid

What part of the phospholipid is this?

Unsaturated fatty acid

What part of the phospholipid is this?

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins that attach to either inner or outer face of membrane

Integral Proteins

• Protrude partly or all the way across membrane

• Include channel proteins and carrier proteins

Glycolipid

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Peripheral protein

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Channel protein

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Phospholipid Bilayer

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Cholesterol

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Glycoprotein

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Transmembrane (integral) protein

What part of the plasma membrane is this?

Physical barrier, Exchange, Communication, Attachment

What are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?

Selective Permeability

Controls which molecules can get into and out of the cell

Paracellular

Between Cells

Transcellular

Through Cells

Transcellular path

What path for transport is this?

Paracellular Path

What path for transport is this?

Active Transport

Requires energy. Molecules are moved from lower concentration to higher concentration.

Passive transport

Does not require energy from the cell. Materials move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Bulk Filtration

What are the 4 types of Passive Transport?

No Energy Required

What is the unique capability of passive transport?

Channel Protein

What type of protein is this?

Carrier Protein

What type of protein is this?

Passive Transport

What does the channel Protein and Carrier-mediated protein have in common?

Active Transport

What is unique about the primary/secondary Carrier protein?

Simple Diffusion

What type of membrane transport is this?

Root Mean Squared (RMS)

What equation explains the non-linear relationship between distance and time of a molecule bouncing about?

Brownian Motion

random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid, such as a liquid or gas

True

True or false: Diffusion is a inefficient way to move a molecule

Seven Properties of Simple Diffusion

Passive Process

Net Movement of High to Low Concentration

Requires a Concentration Gradient

Rapid over Short Distances

Directly Related to Temperature

Inversely related to molecular size

In open System or Across a parttiiton

Concentration Gradient

The absolute difference in solute concentration between two places

Ficks Law

What law defines diffusion as

Diffusive Flux of Solute = Diffusion Coefficient * Concentration Gradient

False

True or False: Diffusion constants are the same across every molecule

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules

Lower

Solutes ____ the concentration of water

Selectively Permeable

What type of permeability is this?

Freely Permeable

What type of permeability is this?

Cell volume

The movement of water is linked to changes in what?

Hypertonic Solution

What solution causes the cell to shrink?

Isotonic Solution

What solution has no change in cell volume?

Hypotonic solution

What solution results in cell swelling?

Hydrostatic Force

Applied force of pressure required to block osmosis

Osmotic Force

Force created by diffusion of water

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of diffusion where the solute requires the help of an integral membrane protein such as a carrier protein

Bulk Filtration

Movement of solutes and/or water in the same direction. (NOT DUE TO BROWNIAN MOTION UNLIKE DIFFUSION)

Selective

Ion channels are ________

Voltage-gate

What type of ion channel is this?

Extracellular Ligand-gate

What type of ion channel is this?

Intracellular ligand-gate

What type of ion channel is this?

Mchanosensitive gate

What type of ion channel is this?

False

True or False: Ion channels are active transport

Channelopathies

Diseases and disorders that are the result of ion channel dysfunction

tetrodotoxin

What toxin was prevalent in pufferfish that was 1000x stronger than cyanide?

Channel protein

A protein that forms a pore or continuous path through the membrane

Carrier protein

A protein that cycles between multiple conformations in which a solute binding site is accessible onto to one side of the membrane at any given time.

Never an open channel all the way through the membrane.

Occlusion state

A state that the solute is not accessible either inside or outside

True

True or False: A carrier transports one to three molecules per conformational cycle, whereas a single channel opening event allows flux of thousands of ions per second

Ion channel

What type of protein is this?

Transporter

What type of protein is this?

Uniport carrier

A carrier that only transports a single soluteS

Symport carrier

A carrier that transports solutes in the same direction

Antiport carrier

A carrier that transports solutes in the opposite direction

Facilitated Diffusion

Carriers that don’t use energy for transport operate by __________ _________

Primary/secondary active transporters

Carriers that use energy for transport operate by __________ _________

Primary

Active transporter that directly consumes ATP

Secondary

Active transporter that utilized energy stored in a pre-existing concentration gradient

Outside

Sodium is highly concentrated _______ the cell

Inside

Potassium is highly concentrated _______ the cell

False

True or False: Sodium Potassium pumps move 3 Na in, and 2 K out

Antiporter

What type of pump is the sodium potassium pump?

True

True or False: Most secondary active transporters are also symporters.

Secondary Active Transport

What type of transporter is Sodium Glucose?

Luigi Galvani

Who is the father of electrophysiology?

Membrane Potential

The uneven distribution of electrical charge across the membrane

False:

True or False: Vm is the voltaic potential outside the cell relative to the potential inside the cell

K, Na, Cl, Anions, Ca

What are the top 5 useful ions of the body

100

What is the intracellular mM for K⁺?

5

What is the extracellular mM for K⁺?

10

What is the intracellular mM for Na⁺?

100

What is the extracellular mM for Na⁺?

10

What is the intracellular mM for Cl^-?

105

What is the extracellular mM for Cl^-?

100

What is the intracellular mM for Anions?

0

What is the extracellular mM for Anions?

0.0001

What is the intracellular mM for Ca²⁺?

1.2

What is the extracellular mM for Ca²⁺?

True

True or False: Ions are not distributed equally across the cell membrane for a membrane potential.

False

True or False: Membrane are equally permeable to various ions for a membrane potential.

Concentration gradients

Pushes ion towards chemical equilibrium

Electrical potential

Pushes ions towards electrostatic equilibrium

Membrane potential

The potential energy to do work