Year 9 Yearly Examination Study Guide Materials

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Year 9 science yearly examination study guide checklist, including earth resources, atomic structure, chemical bonding, hydrocarbons, polymers, and environmental impacts.

Resource

A material or source of supply found in the natural environment that can be utilized, classified as either renewable or non-renewable.

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Resources

Renewable resources can be naturally replenished over time, whereas non-renewable (finite) resources exist in limited amounts and are depleted through extraction.

Finite Resources Mined in Australia

Key non-renewable resources extracted across Australia, specifically including coal, iron ore, aluminium ore, and lithium.

Ore

A naturally occurring rock or mineral deposit from which valuable metals or elements (such as iron or aluminium) can be economically extracted.

Open Cut and Underground Mining

Two major extraction methods used in Australia to retrieve mineral commodities, where open cut removes surface layers and underground accesses deeper deposits.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples' Resource Use

The historical and cultural practice of using minerals and natural resources for a diverse range of traditional purposes and technologies.

Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Mining

Five specific criteria used to assess environmental damage: scale, severity, duration, biodiversity, and human health.

Components of a Mineral Scientific Report

The essential sections required when reporting on a chosen mineral: an introduction, method, summary of findings, and recommendations to reduce the impact of mining.

Parts of an Atom

The structural components of matter comprising a central nucleus surrounded by electrons configured into distinct energy shells.

Valence Electron and Valency

Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost electron shell of an atom; valency is an element's combining capacity, which can be deduced from the periodic table.

Octet Rule

A chemical guideline stating that atoms tend to form bonds (gaining, losing, or sharing electrons) to achieve a stable outer shell of eight valence electrons.

Three Main Types of Chemical Bonding

Metallic bonding, ionic bonding, and covalent bonding, which can be determined based on the positions of the constituent elements on the periodic table.

Ion, Anion, and Cation

An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge; a cation carries a positive charge, while an anion carries a negative charge.

Diatomic Molecules

Molecules that naturally consist of two chemically bonded atoms.

Covalent Molecule Naming Conventions

A nomenclature system utilizing numerical prefixes (such as mono-, di-, and tri-) to denote the number of each type of atom present in the molecule.

Substance Comparison Properties

Physical and chemical properties used to compare ionic, covalent, and metallic substances: lustre, electrical conductivity, hardness, malleability, solubility in acid, and reaction with acid.

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Two primary classifications of chemical compounds distinguished by their chemical composition and characteristic physical and chemical properties.

Hydrocarbon

A compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, commonly separated into various fractions from crude oil.

IUPAC Nomenclature

The systematic, internationally recognized naming convention used to identify and name chemical species within a homologous series.

Alkane

A saturated hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms, conforming to the general structural formula $\text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n+2}$.

Carbon Atom Bonding Capacity

The chemical principle that every carbon atom forms exactly $4$ covalent chemical bonds.

Alkane General Formula

$\text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n+2}$, where $n$ is the number of carbon atoms, defining the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in an alkane chain.

Complete vs. Incomplete Combustion

Two distinct combustion pathways of hydrocarbons that differ in available oxygen, the everyday chemical products generated, and the amount of energy released.

Polymer and Plastics

A polymer is a large macromolecule composed of repeating monomer subunits; plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic polymeric materials that can be molded.

Synthetic vs. Natural (Biopolymers) Polymers

Synthetic polymers are artificially manufactured (typically from crude-oil derived petrochemicals), while natural polymers (biopolymers) are produced naturally by living organisms or biomass.

Material Properties of Polymers

Physical attributes used to evaluate materials: strength (tensile properties), flexibility, transparency, opacity, heat resistance, water resistance, and oil resistance.

Plastics Identification Code

A standardized numbering and symbol system used to identify the polymer composition of plastic products and link their material properties to their practical uses.

LDPE and HDPE

Low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene, illustrating how altering temperature and pressure conditions during formation changes a polymer's physical properties.

Microplastics

Extremely small plastic particles originating from the degradation and fragmentation of polymer waste in the environment.

Bioaccumulation

The progressive build-up and increasing concentration of toxic substances, such as microplastics, in the tissues of living organisms over time.

Biodegradable

Capable of being decomposed and broken down naturally by biological organisms into natural raw materials.

Bioplastics

Plastic materials manufactured from renewable plant-based biomass sources as potential alternatives to conventional crude-oil derived polymers.

Alternative Material Evaluation Criteria

Six criteria used to assess packaging materials: raw materials, energy used in production, pollution caused during production, biodegradability, recyclability, and end-of-life disposal.