GOH 201 Quiz #1

One Health (definition and key principles)

integrated, unified approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, and the ecosystem; interconnectedness of all health, interdependence, holistic approach, collaboration, communication, surveillance, research, education, policy development, sustainability

Precursors to One Health

Indigenous knowledge - interconnectedness of animal and human health, harmony with nature

Ancient Egypt - flooding of Nile affects soil health and thus food

Hippocrates - father of medicine, Western acknowledgement of connections of nature and animal health/interaction in human health

Virchow

birth of zoonosis, human and animal health, parasites in pork affecting humans

Olser

pioneer in vet pathology, taught animal illness in medical education, interdisciplinary, clinical rounds

Steele

establishment of CDC's Vet Public Health Division in 1947

Schwabe

concept of One Medicine, argued that vets and doctors should not work in isolation

Application of One Health in disease prevention and management

Integrating human, animal, and environmental sectors to address health threats at their interface; zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance, vector-borne diseases, climate change, noncommunicable diseases, food safety and security

Role of local community involvement in global health successes

Better success in treating HIV in Haiti w/ community based treatment in in the US, patients recovering at at better rate, more likely to take medications, etc

Health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; focus on physical mental, emotional, social, and spiritual health; holistic framework for achieving overall well-being, balanced and fullfilling life

Global health

area of study, research, and practice that places priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide; focus on health as a human right, emphasis on equity and social justice for all, regardless of socioeconomic status or location; addressing disparities

Medicine

the science or practice of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease; individual, disease diagnosis, treatment and care for individuals, emphasis on medical care

Public health

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical and mental health, and efficiency through organized community efforts; fulfilling society's interest, provide max benefit for the largest number of people, done at a population level; disease prevention and health promotion, broad spectrum that may target the environment, human behavior, lifestyle, and medical care

Morbidity

sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being; cancer diagnosis, having a disease or illness of sorts, premanent injury from some accident, etc

Mortality

death; death from disease, accident, injury, natural causes

Incidence

the rate of which new cases of disease occur in a population; used to determine the number of cases; emerging outbreaks, effectiveness of prevention methods, changes in disease transmission, public health threats and the speed of spread

Prevelance

the number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period; used to determine how many people have a certain ailment; chronic disease burden, healthcare system planning, long-term disase impact, comparing disease burdens across countries or regions

Importance of Key Health Indicators

factors that influence health status most, indicators used to measure health status, key trends in health status that occurred historically; determining cause of morbidity, disability and death, carrying out disease surveillance, making comparison about death within and across countries; vary by income groups, country, and other demographical information

DALYs

the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability; measure the years of life lost to premature death, which is increasing; understand the current overall global burden of disease, which is predominantly noncommunicable; measure the increase in number of years people live with disability; track progress, promote equity, compare disease burden, prioritize health interventions, guide resource allocation

Factors affecting the future burden of disease

economic development, scientific and technological development, climate change, political stability, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

diseases that are newly identified or previously unknown; i.e. Zika virus, COVID-19

Reemerging infectious diseases

known diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range in the last 2 decades; i.e. TB, malaria, cholera, gonorrhea

Drivers of EIDs

Pathogen evolution and adaptation; habitat destruction, closer human-wildlife contact; globalization and international travel; climate change (expanding vector habitats, extreme weather events)

Drivers of RIDs

AMR, loss of public health measures (reduced vaccination programs and sanitation efforts), climate change, socioeconomic instability

Proportion of EIDs that are zoonotic

60-75%

AMR

medicines used to prevent and treat infectious in humans, animals, and plants and include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitic; bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death; medicines become ineffective and infections become difficult/impossible to treat

AMR and contributing factors

evolution of pathogens based on location, pressure of pathogens because of use of drugs; conflict and displacement, weather, travel and globalization, trade, animal migration

Potential number of global deaths attributable to AMR in 2050

10 million

One Health strategies to address AMR (broadly)

Harmonization of protocols, national and global surveillance programs, surveillance and awareness, education

Impact of climate change on human health

Climate change negatively impacts human health, because it causes new/enhanced sensitivities, EIDs and RIDs; rising temps, extreme weather, rising sea levels, increasing CO2 levels

Traditional leadership

leadership given to a singular person who gives instructions and assigns work, makes decisions, holds the team accountable, looks out for the group

Shared leadership

leadership is not given to one signular person, rather it is distributed throughout the group based on assigned roles and goals of the group; collaborative effort

Determining team roles in the shared leadership model

roles depend on goals of the group, stage of the project, and strengths and values of team members

Components of a strong interdisciplinary team culture

shared purpose and mutual respect, open communcation, psychological safety, trust

Chain of infection

Infected hosts of reservoirs - humans, animals, environment

Direct transmission - direct contect or droplet

Indirect transmission - airborne aerosols, vehicles, vectors

Susceptible host - portal of entry

What is the importance of centralized water and sanitation infrastructure to public health?

Decrease of the spread of infectious diseases, better sanitation and overall hygiene, better quality of life, decrreased mortality rates of disease

What was the evidence presented in class regarding the effects of WASH in the US?

dramatic decrease of typhoid fever mortality rates when sanitary interventions such as chlorination and filtrations of water, as well as the implementation of sewer systems across the US

Barriers to implementing centralized water and sanitation systems

Centralized systems are resource-intensive, require space, funds, water, and governance

Barriers/challenges to low-cost household-level WASH interventions

Puts burden on the user and requires onhoing maintenance and investment, those in need most likely unable to afford it, low user uptake and mixed evidence on health benefits at scale; intensive promotion for behavior changes to achieve high uptake

Fomites

any inanimate object or surface that can harbor and transfer infectious pathogens; acts as a surface level reservoir where pathogens can survive for a period of being left by an infected person and then transfer to a new, uninfected person who touches the object

5 Fs model

Feces to fluids, fields, flies, fingers, and fomotes, to food, to future host

Severe weather

injuries, fatalities, mental health impacts

Air pollution

asthma, cardiovascular disease

Changes in vector ecology

malaria, dengue, encephalitis, hantavirus, Rift Valley fever, Lyme disease, chikungunya, West Nile virus

Increasing allergens

respiratory allergies, asthma

Water quality impacts

cholera, cryptosporidiosis, campylobacter, leptospirosis, harmful algal blooms

Water and food supply impacts

malnutrition, diarrheal disease

Environmental degradation

forced migration, civil conflict, mental health impacts

Extreme heat

heat-related illness and death, cardiovascular failure