Gross U 4

Platysma

Thin, superficial muscle of facial expression in the neck that tenses the skin of the neck and depresses the mandible.

inn by facial nerve

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Muscle dividing anterior/posterior neck triangles; acts to turn head to the opposite side and flex the neck.

Scalene muscles

Muscles that attach to 1st and 2nd ribs; responsible for elevating ribs during inspiration and lateral neck flexion.

Suprahyoid muscles

Muscles that stabilize or elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing and speaking, such as mylohyoid and digastric.

Infrahyoid muscles

Muscles that depress the hyoid/larynx, including sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid.

Common carotid artery

Divides into internal carotid (supplies the brain) and external carotid arteries (supplies the face and scalp).

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Innervates muscles of pharynx, larynx, and soft palate; provides sensory function to larynx and thoracic/abdominal viscera.

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

Divided into three branches: V1 (Ophthalmic), V2 (Maxillary), and V3 (Mandibular); responsible for sensory and motor functions of the face.

Frontalis

Muscle located in the forehead that raises the eyebrows; innervated by CN VII.

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Motor nerve to the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except palatoglossus.

Epidural hematoma

Arterial bleeding between the skull and dura, characterized by rapid onset and a convex shape on imaging.

Subdural hematoma

Venous bleeding between the dura and arachnoid, characterized by slow onset and a crescent shape on imaging.

Cerebral hemispheres

Consists of elevated ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci); responsible for higher brain functions.

Lateral rectus muscle

Abducts the eye; innervated by the Abducens nerve (CN VI).

Phrenic nerve

Innervates the diaphragm, vital for respiration.

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

Responsible for the sense of smell; passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

Parotid gland

Secretes serous (enzyme-rich) saliva; innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

Oropharynx

Region of the pharynx located behind the oral cavity, containing palatine tonsils.

Epiglottis

Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage covering the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to prevent food entry.

platysma

Thin, superficial muscle

Origin of SCM

Sternum, clavicle

Insertion of SCM

Mastoid process of temporal bone

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

The frontal lobe is involved in motor function, problem-solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

The parietal lobe processes sensory information regarding