diagnostics for the renal and urologic systems

Which is the reason why urine is collected using the midstream method?

To prevent bacterial contamination from the vagina or penis

A midstream "clean catch" method prevents bacterial contamination that can occur. "Catching" the urine midstream assures a fresh urine sample.

Which factors can cause an increased level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

nfection

Bacteria produce ammonia, which contains nitrogen that combines with other chemicals to produce urea in increased amounts.

Kidney disease

In kidney disease, the glomerular filtration system is unable to clear appropriate amounts of urea nitrogen, so blood levels rise.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Digested blood is a source of urea and causes an increase in the amount of blood urea nitrogen.

Excessive muscle breakdown

Protein breakdown in the muscle, for example rhabdomyolysis, causes increased levels of nitrogen, which forms with other chemicals to form urea.

How should a quantitative protein test be collected?

By collecting urine for 24 hours for analysis

Collecting urine for 24 hours can evaluate treatment and categorize kidney disease.

Which electrolyte is implicated in the formation of kidney stones?

Calcium

Kidney stones form when urine contains crystal-forming substances such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid.

Why would a blood creatinine level be elevated?

The glomeruli cannot effectively clear the blood.

An elevated blood creatinine level indicates impaired kidney function because the kidneys are unable to clear the creatinine.

Which statement describes the use and purpose of kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) x-ray?

It visualizes kidney stones as well as the size and shape of the kidneys with an x-ray.

A kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) image is a simple x-ray that does not use contrast special imaging, which visualizes kidney stones and measures the shape and size of the kidneys.

Which is the reason why a cystogram is ordered?

To diagnose vesicoureteral reflux

A cystogram visualizes abnormalities of the bladder that could cause backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidney (reflux).

Which factors represent advantages of ultrasound imaging of the urinary tract?

It is non-invasive.

A probe is placed on the skin of the abdomen to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

It is safe and risk free.

There is no danger or contraindication to using ultrasound since it does not use radiation or contrast dye.

It is able to visualize many abnormalities.

Ultrasound cannot measure the size of the kidneys but it can detect tumors, congenital anomalies, abscesses, kidney stones, infections, and blockages.

Which is a major disadvantage of an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) for a patient with renal disease?

it uses contrast dye.

Contrast dye is nephrotoxic and could potentially place a patient with renal disease in renal failure.

Which imaging study is considered to pose little to no risk in a patient with kidney disease?

Ultrasound imaging

Ultrasound poses no risk to the patient since it is completely non-invasive and does not use radiation or contrast dye.

Which diagnostic study examines sphincter function and flow rates of the lower urinary tract?

Uroflow

Uroflow measures urine volume and speed of urine flow while voiding to determine how well the bladder and sphincter function. It also assesses for obstructions.

Which diagnostic study places needles or electrodes near the urethra to measure electrical functioning of the sphincter?

Sphincter electromyography

Sphincter electromyography determines how the external urinary sphincter muscle is functioning by placing needles or electrodes near the urethra to measure sphincter control during contraction and relaxation.

Which radioactive diagnostic study identifies, detects, and rates the severity of vesicoureteral reflux?

Radionuclide cystography (RNC)

This test uses radioisotopes to identify, detect, and rate the severity of vesicoureteral reflux. It can help diagnose infection, distention, and incomplete bladder emptying, and it can visualize tumors in the bladder structure.

Which disorders would affect the renal system's ability to rid the body of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine?