cva, cvd, tbi

Hypertensive bleed (HB)

○ Hemorrhage from hypertension
○ Usually it occurs in basal ganglia , or in brainstem , or in cerebellum
○ If highblood = sumasakit ang batok

Lobar intracerebral bleed (LIB)

○ Eto yung nagyayari sa white matter of cerebral cortex

Saccular aneurysm and subarachnoid bleed (SASB)

Subarachnoid hemorrhage → subarachnoid space of the brain bleed
■ Usually patients with SAH, they say that they felt kakaibang headache at the time of the stroke
○ Most common cause of SAH is saccular aneurysm
■ Nagkakaroon ng rupture sa branching point of the large arteries of the brain

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Abnormal tangle of the blood vessels
○ Congenital
■ Born with it
■ Parang ticking time bomb → kung kelan lang sasabog

Post-traumatic hemorrhagic stroke (PTHS)

Pag nagka TBI → it can also cause hemorrhagic stroke

carotid artery

unilateral motor and/or sensory symptoms affecting face and/or limb

Vertebrobasilar

motor and/or sensory symptoms affecting face and /or limbs bilaterally or when they chance sides between attacks

Carotid endarterectomy (CE)

carotid artery is opened to remove the plaque

Urinary Tract Dysfunction (UTD)

Added discomfort to patients
○ Patients may have difficulty urinating, which
cause them to be irritable during therapy

Skin Breakdown and Decubitus Ulcers (DU)

These are added discomfort to our patients so it is important to note as well
○ Discomfort → cause the patient to be irritable during therapy

Aspiration Pneumonia (AP)

Bacteria can grow in the mouth; therefore, when the patient aspirate, it may cause

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Common complication after stroke
○ Caused by blood not circulating properly
Sometimes, there is a compression that they wear around the leg to stimulate blood flow and reduce edema

Basic ICU Monitor

Shows the vitals of the patient
● Heart rate is either connected to the automatic BP calf or thru Arterial line/A line

Telemetry

Looks like an ECG but less instruments/wire connected to the body
● Contains real-time reading and heart rate rhythm in the monitor

Foley Catheter

A type of indwelling catheter

Spinal drain/Lumbar drain

CSF can also be drained through this

External Ventricular Drain (EVD)

Usually this is connected to the monitor that measure the intracranial pressure
Excess CSF cephalus - drainage

Intravenous (IV) line

inserted into the peripheral veins for administration of fluids and medications

Nasogastric Tube (NGT)

patient is not expected to have the feeding tube for a long time,
a short-term alternative for nutritional intake

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube (PEGT)

prolonged enteral feeding
High risk for infection

endotracheal intubation (EI)

Breathing tube may be inserted through the mouth

tracheal intubation (TI)

If they will be dependent on the ventilator for a longer period of time

Facial Asymmetry (FAST)

Have a person smile or show their teeth. If one side does not move as well as the other side (or it seems to drop) → sign of stroke

Arm Drift (FAST)

Have the person close their eyes and hold their arms out front for 10 seconds

Slurred Speech (FAST)

Have the person say any familiar saying. If the person slurs the words, gets some words wrong, or is unable to speak → sign of stroke

Time (FAST)

If any of the above 3 are present, it’s time to seek for medical help

ABCD2 score

appears to be the best clinical tool available for stratifying TIA patients in making recommendations for hospital admission

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH STROKE SCALE (NIHSS)

a common diagnostic method for quickly assessing the severity of stroke experienced by a patient.

Arrhythmia

problem with the speed or the rhythm of the heartbeat (fast, irregular)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

CPR is not just pressing the chest, there is also blowing of air to the person (rescue breathing)

Ventricular Fibrillation

Rapid, unsynchronized heart rhythm due to the abnormalities in the ventricles of the heart

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries of the heart
○ There is plaque build-up (or atherosclerosis) in the coronary artery

Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack
Blood flow in one section of the heart is blocked
Possible to happen as a result of coronary artery disease (CAD)

Heart Failure

heart is unable to pump blood effectively/how it should
Systolic & diastolic dysfunction

Blood vessel disease (Atherosclerosis)

When plaque builds up on the inside of the arteries
oxygen that is delivered to the body is also lessened and can lead to serious
problems like heart attack, stroke and death

Aneurysm

Artery bulges or becomes balloon-like

Deep Vein Thrombosis

a thrombus/blood clot that forms in a vein that is deep into the body
○ Common in the legs other deep veins in the body

Dissection/split

a split in one or more layers of the artery wall and can affect the integrity of the artery wall and can possibly have bleeding in the layers of the artery wall.

acetylcholine

chemical that we use for cognitive functions

COG PROBS (CVD)

attention, memory, EF

LANG PROBS (CVD)

reduced pure tone thresholds, signs of cochlear impairment, word retrieval difficulties, higher lex-sem processing issues

Central Cyonosis

Occurs with significant right-to-left shunting at the level of the heart or lungs allowing the oxygenated blood to reach the systemic circulation

Peripheral cyanosis

Also known as Acrocyanosis is usually related to reduced extremity blood flow due to small vessel constriction
○ Severe heart failure, shock, or peripheral vascular disease

Differential cyanosis

Refers to isolated cyanosis affecting the lower (but not the upper) extremities in the patient with a Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Secondary Pulmonary
hypertension with right-to-left shunting at the great vessels level

Subcutaneous Xanthomas

Various lipid disorders are sometimes associated with Subcutaneous Xanthomas particularly along the tendon sheets or over the extensors surfaces of the extremities

Eruptive xanthomatosis & Lipemia Retinalis

Severe hypertriglyceridemia

Palmar crease xathomas