Chapter 12: Mitosis and Cell Cycles

what 3 ways do living organisms use cell division

grow

repair

reproduce

can prokaryotes undergo mitosis

no

all of an organism's DNA

genome

a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins

chromosome

uncoiled, thread-like form of DNA

chromatin

identical copies of chromosomes joined at the centromere

sister chromatids

where are sister chromatids joined

centromere

protein that hold sister chromatids together

cohesion

cell grows and carries out normal functions

G1 phase

DNA replication occurs

S phase

cell prepares for division

G2 phase

chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

prophase

spindle forms

prophase

centrioles migrate to the poles

prophase

chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

prophase

nuclear envelope fragments

prophase

chromosomes align at cell's equator

metaphase

spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

prometaphase

sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

anaphase

kinetochore microtubules shorten

anaphase

nonkinetochore microtubules elongate

anapahse

nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes

telophase

chromosomes uncoil

telophase

pinches the cell into two

telophase

division of organelles

cytokinesis

move chromosomes during mitosis

microtubule

form cleavage furrow in animal cells

microfilaments

what is the microtubule organizing center

centrosome

what joins centrosome to sister chromatids

kinetochore

do animal or plant cells have centrioles

animal

what starts binary fission

DNA replicating

what is the second step of binary fission

cell elongates

what is the 3rd step of binary fission

cell membrane pinches

what is formed in binary fission

two identical cells

built in signals that regulate the cell cycle

endogenous

environmental signals outside the cell

exogenous

when does cyclin levels increase

s phase

what triggers mitosis

MPF

what happens to cyclin after mitosis

it is broken down

cells must be attached to a surface to divide

anchorage depdendence

cells stops dividing when crowded

density-dependent

spread of cancer cells

metastasis

cells remain at original site

benign

cells invade surrounding tissues and can spread

malignant

Process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

cell division

All of a cell's DNA

genome

Uncoiled DNA + proteins; form DNA takes during interphase

chromatin

Condensed, coiled form of chromatin during mitosis

chromosome

Two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere

sister chromatids

Region where sister chromatids are joined

centromere

Proteins that hold sister chromatids together

cohesions

Organelle that organizes microtubules; contains centrioles

centrosome

Protein complex on a chromatid where spindle fibers attach

kinetochore

Microtubule structure that separates chromosomes

spindle apparatus

Star-like array of microtubules near centrosomes

aster

Regulatory proteins controlling cell cycle progression

cyclin/cdk

Cyclin + CDK complex that triggers mitosis

MPF

Simple form of cell division in prokaryotes

binary fission

Division of cytoplasm after mitosis

cytokinesis

Imaginary plane where chromosomes line up

metaphase plate

Indentation that begins cytokinesis in animal cells

cleavage furrow

Structure that forms new cell wall in plant cytokinesis

cell plate

Cells must attach to a surface to divide

anchorage dependence

Cells stop dividing when crowded

density-dependent inhibition

Conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell

transformation

Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body

metastasis

is the process by which a cell reproduces itself

cell division

what is formed in mitosis

2 identical daughter cells

Cell division = reproduction (creates a new organism)

unicellular organisms

in multicellular organisms what does cell division allow

development

growth

repair

renewal

sequence of events from a cell's formation to its division into two daughter cells

cell cycle

what are the 2 major phases of the cell cycle

interphase

M phase

90% of the cell cycle

interphase

Cell grows, performs normal functions, and prepares for division

interphase

Mitosis (division of nucleus) + Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

mitotic phase (M phase)

division of nucleus)

mitosis

division of cytoplasm

cytokinesis

Cell grows and carries out normal metabolism

G1

Prepares for DNA replication

G1

what two things happen in the G1 phase

cell grows and carries out normal metabolism

prepares for DNA replication

Checkpoint ensures conditions are favorable before DNA synthesis begins

G1 phase

Each chromosome is copied to form two sister chromatids

S phase

when does DNA replication happen

S phase

DNA synthesis

S phase

what is formed in the S phase

two sister chromatids

Final preparations for mitosis; duplication of organelles and centrosomes

G2 phase

Checkpoint ensures all DNA is correctly replicated before entering mitosis

G2 phase

duplicate during interphase to prepare for spindle formation in mitosis

centrosomes

microtubule-organizing centers

centrosomes

order of cell cycle (all steps of mitosis)

interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes (each composed of two sister chromatids)

prophase

Mitotic spindle begins to form

prophase

what is being separated in mitosis

sister chromatids

where should centrosomes be during prophase

on opposite sides of the cell

network of microtubules that will move chromosomes

mitotic spindle

star-like microtubule structures

asters

what appears by centrosomes in prophase

asters

Nuclear envelope breaks down

prometaphase

what does the Nuclear envelope breaking down allow

microtubules to contact chromosomes

Each chromatid develops a ___ what in prometaphase

kinetochore