RES 101 – Chapter 3 Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering lung volumes, capacities, diagnostic tests, obstructive/restrictive conditions, and GOLD guidelines from the RES 101 Chapter 3 Study Guide.

Tidal Volume ($V_T$)

Moves in and out of the lungs in one quiet breath ($500\,mL$).

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal-volume inhalation ($3100\,mL$).

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal-volume exhalation ($1200\,mL$).

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation ($1200\,mL$); keeps the alveoli from collapsing.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Lung capacity noted as volume exhaled during first second $\ge 75\%$ ($4800\,mL$).

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation ($3600\,mL$).

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation ($2400\,mL$).

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Maximum amount of air the lungs can accommodate ($6000\,mL$).

TLC Components

$$TLC = IRV + V_T + ERV + RV$$

IC Components

$$IC = V_T + IRV$$

FRC Components

$$FRC = ERV + RV$$

VC Components

$$VC = IRV + V_T + ERV$$

Obstructive Lung Disorder

Condition where airway obstruction makes it hard to get air out of the lungs, causing air trapping ($RV \uparrow$, $V_T \uparrow$, $TLC \uparrow$, $VC \downarrow$, $IC \downarrow$, $IRV \downarrow$, $ERV \downarrow$).

Restrictive Lung Disorder

Condition where the lungs cannot fully expand, so they hold less air than normal ($VC \downarrow$, $IC \downarrow$, $RV \downarrow$, $FRC \downarrow$, $V_T \downarrow$, $TLC \downarrow$).

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Maximum air you can forcefully blow out after taking the deepest breath possible; takes about 4–6 seconds to fully exhale.

FEV1

Amount of air you can forcefully blow out in 1 second; normal written value is $83\%$ or greater of FVC.

Flow-Volume Loop

A graph showing airflow and lung volume during inhaling and exhaling.

Obstructive Flow-Volume Loop

A flow-volume loop with a shape that looks like a "pork chop".

FEF 200–1200

Forced expiratory flow representing the average rate of flow between $200\,mL$ and $1200\,mL$; tests large-airway function (men age 20–30 $\approx 8\,L/sec$; women age 20–30 $\approx 5.5\,L/sec$).

FEF 25–75%

Average flow rate during the middle $50\%$ of an FVC measurement; reflects the condition of the medium-to-small-sized airways.

Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)

Largest volume of gas that can be breathed voluntarily in and out of the lungs in 1 minute.

RV/TLC Ratio

Ratio showing how much of total lung capacity is made of trapped air; normal value is about $20\%$ at age 20, increasing with age.

DLCO

Measures the amount of CO that moves across the alveolar-capillary membrane; normal written value is $25\,mL/min/mmHg$.

Carbon Monoxide and Hemoglobin Affinity

Hemoglobin has a 200-times greater affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen.

C B A B E

Mnemonic for obstructive diseases: Cystic fibrosis, Bronchitis (chronic), Asthma, Bronchiectasis, Emphysema.

Nitrogen Washout Test

An open-circuit test where $100\%$ $O_2$ is breathed through a one-way valve for 7 minutes to wash $N_2$ out of the lungs.

Indirect RV Diagnostic Tools

Three tools used to indirectly measure RV: Closed-circuit He dilution, Open-circuit $N_2$ washout, and Body plethysmography (body box).

Body Plethysmography

Method where patient sits in an airtight container and breathes through an open valve; called the most accurate way of measuring RV and associated with Boyle's law.

GOLD

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; uses the FEV1/FVC ratio ($< 70\%$) to establish degree of airflow limitation and assess COPD symptoms.

FEV1/FVC Ratio Formula

$$\frac{FEV_1}{FVC} \times 100$$

Asthma Action Plan Green Zone

Peak flow zone representing $80\%$ or better ("doing good").

Asthma Action Plan Yellow Zone

Peak flow zone representing $79\%\text{--}50\%$ ("could do better").

Asthma Action Plan Red Zone

Peak flow zone representing $50\%$ or less ("go to hospital").

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Airflow measurement that decreases with age and in obstructive airway disease.