Part 3 board review: PT

Contraindications to all modalities

Hemorrhage

infection

malignancy (except TENS)

Contraindications to all heat

DM

active TB

pregnancy / abdomen

encapsulated lesion

decreased thermal sensation

metal implant (area)

Contraindications to electrical modalities

brain, eyes, pacemaker, carotid sinus, pregnancy, heart, open wound, decreased sensation

except high volt - anesthesia

Acute rule =

24-72 hours

initial treatment

Exceptions to acute rule

initial onset of AVN (no ice)

raynauds (no ice)

Neck trauma (no compression)

osteitis pubis (no ice)

PRICE

protection

rest

ice

compression

elevate

Massage

action: kinetic and friction, decrease edema, congestion and sedate

Indication: subacute

effluerage

petrissage

tapotement

fraction

vibration

deep pressure

Traction

action: mechanical

indication: chronic muscle / ligament

not weak bone

Cryotherapy

action: hypothermal

Indication: acute (not raynauds)

20 min every 2 hours (CBAN)

Superficial heat (infrared)

thermal action

indication: chronic itis

hydrocollator, baths

Superficial head (ultraviolet)

action thermal and photochemical

fungus, burns and sores

patch test, NOT SLE

Deep heat (SWD)

thermal (outside in)

Chronic sinusitis, cramps, bronchitis, and PID

Nerve

Use towel

Deep head (MWD)

thermal (inside out)

chronic → hip, nerve, bone, PID, osteomyelitis

nerve

No towel, not sinusitis, not otitis media

Deepest head (USD)

thermal, mechanical, chemical, neural

Acute (pulsed)

chronic (muscle, ligament, bursa)

coupling agent, phonophoresis

Galvanic aka low volt (electrochemical effect is iontophoresis)

positive pole (ice), negative pole (heat)

pushes chemicals into structures inside

action: electrochemical and electrokinetic

indication: sprains, fibrosis, denervated muscle (LMNL)

Rehab muscle

high volt and IF

High volt

re-educates muscle

action: electrokinetic → pain control (opiates) (1-10 or >80 pps)

weak muscle - exercises muscle (20pps)

breaks spasms and reduces edema (>25pps)

IF

acute, deep electrical modality (medium frequency, treatment)

Russian stimulation (strengthen, fatigue, spasm)

TENS

pain control only

Cellular healing modalities

microcurrent and cold laser/low level

Microcurrent

increases cellular healing, reverses electrical flow

calcium and prostaglandin effected

Cold laser / low level

630 nm stimulate mitochondrial activity, photophoresis

Open chain

non fixed distal extremity

closed chain

fixed distal extremity

isometric

no joint motion (two opposing muscles contract)

isotonic

joint motion / constant weight

concentric = shortens muscle

eccentric = lengthens muscle

isokinetic

joint motion at constant speed, variable length, and resistance (cybex)

buerger allen’s

cardiovascular disease (peripheral)

williams

flexion exercises → hyperlordosis acute disc (spondy, facet syndrome )

Modified Mckenzie’s

acute disc and spinal stenosis

McKenzie’s

extension exercises to help hypolordosis, centralizes pain of sciatica

neutralizes lumbar antalgia

Codmans / pendular

circumduction and finger wall walk

breugger’s

breathing and posture

McGill'

LBP and core exercises

Neck brace

Philadelphia (hard collar) used for emergency only

Scoliosis brace

milwaukee, boston, orthokinetic brace

spondylolisthesis brace

boston brace for juvenile athletes

Lumbosacral belt

disc lesions, face syndrome

SI girdle / williams brace

SI dysfunction

Intertrochanteric brace

hip disorders, pubic symphysis

Carpal tunnel braces

cock up splint

CMP brace

Cho-pat brace

air splint

fracture and pinpoint support

B1 (thiamine)

carbohydrates

beri beri, wernicke, decreased knee jerk and foot drop

B2 (riboflavin)

eyes and skin

cheilosis, magenta tongue

B3 niacin

circulation (precursor to tryptophan)

pellagra (pruritic skin lesions)

fire red tongue

B5 Pantothenic acid

fats and carbs

burning feet

B6 Pyridoxine

muscle and skin

PNE, PMS, and makes you pee

glossitis

B7 biotin

muscle, skin, nerve and bone

pain and dermatitis

B9 folic acid

RBC maturation, cell growth

macrocytic anemia, neural tube

B12 cyancobalamin

RBC maturation

macrocytic (pernicious) anemia, vegans

glossitis

Vitamin C ascorbic acid

collagen

scurvy, healing

Vitamin A retinol

eyes, bone and skin

night blindness, hyperlipidemia

Vitamin D cholecalciferol

Bone

rickets and osteomalacia

Vitamin E tocopherol

heart

sterility

Vitamin K quinone

clotting cascade

hemorrhage (contraindicated with blood thinners)

EPA (omega 3)

heart, skin, blood sugar EVERYTHING

Calcium

nerve, muscle, bone and blood

tetany, hemorrhage

chromium

carbohydrates

diabetes mellitus

iodine

thyroid, goiter, metabolism

Iron

blood, anemia, glossitis

Magnesium

muscle and ligaments

ligaments, muscles and fibromyalgia

phosphorus

bone, teeth

balance with calcium

Sodium / potassium

kidneys

electrolytes, water balance

selenium

detoxification, antioxidants

aging, cancer, etc

Zinc

immune system

everything (taste, smell, prostate)

Glossitis

iron deficiency

B2, B3, B6 and B12 deficiency

causes of vitamin deficiency

varies (usually due to malnutrition)

malabsorption

fat soluble vitamins

A (most toxic), D, E, K

Antioxidants

ACES, zinc

Cadmium is used in batteries as a semiconductor

it is not a micronutrient for humans and is dangerous to consume