(A4) Triple phosphate “Struvite” crystals

define Urinary Incontinence

loss of voluntary control of urination

what is the main cause urinary incontinence (2)

1. When the closing pressure of the urethra is greater than the bladder, urine remains in the bladder.

2. When the bladder pressure is greater than the urethra, incontinence occurs

what are the neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence (2)

1. Upper motor neuron

2. Lower motor neurons

what does UMN stand for

Upper motor neuron

what does Upper motor neuron

neurons from the cerebral cortex (in the brain) that travel down the spinal cord

LMN stands for

Lower motor neurons

define Lower motor neurons

neurons from the spinal cord that innervate muscles and glands throughout the body

what are some neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence (4)

1. IVDD

2. vertebral fractures

3. inflammation

4. neoplasia of the spinal cord

what are the causes of non-neurogenic urinary incontinence (2)

1. Urethral Sphincter incompetence

2. Urge incontinence

define Urethral Sphincter incompetence

Hormone responsive urinary incontinence

what causes congenital urinary incontinence (3)

1. Ectopic ureters

2. Patent urachus

3. Urethral fistula

define Ectopic ureters

ureter enters bladder at an inappropriate location

define Patent urachus

When the urachus fails to close after birth ‘urinating through the navel’

define Urethral fistula

abnormal hole between urethra and rectum

what causes Paradoxical - Overflow Urinary Incontinence (6)

1. Neurogenic detrusor atony

2. Overflow incontinence

3. Atony

4. Dysautonomia

5. Post-obstructive detrusor atony

6. Partial urethral obstruction

define Overflow incontinence

bladder can’t empty completely so it leaks more when it becomes full

define Neurogenic detrusor atony

a condition where the bladder's detrusor muscle cannot contract or squeeze properly because of nerve damage

define Detrusor muscle

smooth muscle of the bladder

define Atony

lack of muscle tone

define Dysautonomia

dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system

define Post-obstructive detrusor atony

occurs in cats post obstruction due to the bladder being stretched so much and damaging the smooth muscle

clinical signs of urinary incontinence (6)

1. Leaking urine when sleeping

2. Leaking urine when resting

3. Leaking urine when exercise

4. Chronic dampness from urine in perineal region

5. Urinary tract disease

6. Middle age to older

how to diagnose urinary incontinence (4)

1. history

2. Urinalysis

3. chemistry

4. Radiographs

how to treat urinary incontinence (2)

1. Phenylpropanolamine

2. Estrogens

PPA stands for

Phenylpropanolamine

how to manage Urethral Sphincter Incompetence

GnRH

how to treat a Hypocontractile Bladder (2)

1. Propantheline bromide

2. Oxybutynin