A&P quiz 4

ectoderm

nervous system, epithelial cells

mesoderm

connective tissue, epithelial cells

endoderm

lining of organs, epithelial cells

mesenchymal cells are found in…

the mesoderm

matrix is composed of

ground substances and fibers

functions of connective tissue

• enclosing/separating

• connecting

• supporting/moving

• storage

• cushioning/insulation

• transporting

• protecting

connective tissue types

• connective tissue proper

• fluid connective tissue

• supporting connective tissue

connective tissue proper types

• dense: organized, tightly packed

• loose: dispersed, open

fluid connective tissue types

• blood: sometimes has fiber (fibrous clot when cut), flows with cardiovascular system

• lymph: flows with the lymphatic system

supporting connective tissue types

• cartilage: solid, rubbery matrix (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)

• bone: solid

there are no blood cells in epithelial cells meaning they are…

avascular

epithelial cells in get nourishment from…

connective tissue

mesenchyme derived cells (-blast) means

they’re capable of mitosis

mesenchyme derived cells (-cyte) means

they’re beyond mitosis

collagen fibers

strongest and largest fiber

3 wrapped proteins

elastic fibers

medium size, elasticity

reticular fibers

smallest/thinnest fiber

dsytrophic epidermolysis bullosa

defect in a gene that codes for collagen; collagen typically connects to epithelial cells underling connective tissue

Marfan’s syndrome

defect in elastin by fibrillin protein

ground substance is made of

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion molecules, proteoglycans and GAGs (e.g. hyaluronic acid, fibrous capsule, chondroitin surface

loose (areolar) CT

• collagen (pink)

• fibroblasts (make collagen)

• fat cells

• blood cells

• mast cells (inflammatory signal)

• capillary

• macrophage (big eater)

white fat cells

fat pushes to edges and leaves a thin layer of cytosol (one fat cell)

brown fat cells

have a lot of mitochondria that break down sugar and generate heat (multiple fat cells)

• non-shivering thermogenesis

reticular tissue

• liver, spleen

• blood cells, reticular fibers

dense regular connective tissue

• collagen fibers are tightly packed, going in the same direction

• wraps around muscles

dense irregular connective tissue

• collagen fiber in all different directions

• very tough collagen fiber

elastic tissue

• elastic fibers, recoil after stretching

• connecting vertebrae, elastic arteries near heart

red blood cells

no nucleus, carry oxygen via hemoglobin

white blood cells

granulocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil) & agranulocytes (monocyte, lymphocytes)

platelets

fragments of a blood cell that help form blood clots

types of supportive connective tissue

• hyaline cartilage

• elastic cartilage

• fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

• ribs connect to sternum, trachea

• chondrocyytes in lacuna

• no blood vessels (avascular)

interstitial growth

grows innwards to outwards

appositional growth

grows top to bottom

elastic cartilage

• maintains shape while allowing great flexibility

• chondrocytes in lacuna

• ear, tip of nose

fibrocartilage

• collagen fibers provide strength to absorb compressive shocks

• intervertebral discs

• have chondrocytes in lacuna

bone

• vascular

• central canal contains blood vessels to provide oxygen and nutrients

  • gap junctions between osteocytes to share oxygen/nutrients

• 1/3 organic material (cells and collagen)

• 2/3 inorganic material (calcium and phosphate)

One difference between bone and cartilage is that

Only bone is vascularized

The most abundant protein in connective tissue is

Collagen

Non-shivering thermogenesis is a function of

Brown fat cells

Marfan’s syndrome

Is a genetic condition caused by a defect in elastin associated protein called fibrillin

skeletal muscle

• striated (striped) pattern of actin and myosin

• multi-nucleated, so they can make protein, repair self, and grow

• voluntary (muscles need message from NS in order to contract)

  • acting and myosin contract directly over top each other

smooth muscle

• not striated (actin and myosin are arranged randomly)

  • contracting in all directions, not just directly overlapping

• uni-nucleated

• involuntary (controlled by hormones or autonomic NS)

cardiac muscle

• striated (striped) pattern of actin and myosin

• intercalated discs: junctions between cells

  • desmosomes: lock cells together

  • gap junctions: allow ions to travel between cells

• uni-nucelated

• involuntary (pacemaker cells: establish rhythm of contractions)

  • affected by hormones and autonomic NS (sympathetic, parasympathetic)

nervous tissue contains

neurons and neuoglia cells that are derived from the ectoderm

dendrites of a neuron

receives signals

neurotransmitter

• released by axon terminal

• chemical messenger that is specific to each neuron

what transports neurotransmitters and requires ATP?

networks of microtubules

what are the four membranes composed of? to make them what?

connective tissue and epithelial cells, making them organs

cutaneous membrane

• skin, epithelial tissue (top) and connective tissue (bottom)

• areolar tissue and dense irregular tissue

• protection from outside world

mucous membrane

• lines the mouth and digestive system

• produces mucus

• open to the outside world (ingesting things)

serous membrane

• double-membrane (visceral: organ, parietal: outside, and serous fluid in between)

• enclosed space

• creates lubricating surface to smooth/cushion movement of organs

synovial membrane

• produces serous fluid to protect cartilage/bone from rubbing together and creating pain

• closed membrane, located at joint capsules

superficial fascia

hypodermis, CT (areolar, adipose)

deep fascia

dense connective tissue

subserous fascia

areolar tissue

injury and repair are initiated by…

inflammatory response (makes body aware)

areolar connective tissue has mast cells that release:

• heparin

• histamine

• serotonin

• leukotrienes

• bradykinins

all inflammatory responses cause…

vasodilation (redness, heat, swelling, pain, lack of function)

in the regeneration of damaged tissue…

• inflammation initiatates healing response

• new blood vessels need to grow into the area

• macrophages are important in the cleanup of debris and elimination of pathogens

Which cells show striations and are multi-nucleated?

skeletal muscle

Which embryonic layer gives rise to the cells of the nervous system?

Ectoderm

What tissue lies directly under the epithelial layer of a membrane?

Areolar connective tissue

In the regeneration of damaged tissue…

All of the above