Counseling Skills and Interventions

c

A client in an inpatient hospital unit says, “I am scared and don’t want to take my meds.” You say, “No meds?” This is an example of:

a. Probing

b. A general lead

c. Reflecting

d. Voicing doubt

c

Nancy sits across from you. It’s her second session. She is fidgeting in her chair. The statement that best reflects the use of sharing observations is:

a. “You’re nervous.”

b. “You’re restless.”

c. “You’re shifting in your chair.”

d. “Something’s upsetting you.”

b

Susie is a 23-year old female with dependent personality traits. She has been experiencing depression and anxiety and continues to struggle with whether or not she should end an unhealthy relationship. Susie asks you what you think. Your best response would be:

a. “Susie, you are heading for trouble with this one.”

b. “Say more about the direction in which you’re leaning.”

c. “Yes, you need to end it, Susie. I’m afraid it’s unhealthy.”

d. “That’s completely up to you.”

d

Susie is a 23-year old female with dependent personality traits. She has been experiencing depression and anxiety and continues to struggle with whether or not she should end an unhealthy relationship. If, in response to Susie, you respond, “Say more about the direction in which you’re leaning”, this is an example of:

a. Information giving

b. Presenting reality

c. Validating

d. Exploring

b

There is never a time or place for a close-ended question in counseling.

a. True

b. False

d

Which statement is true regarding silence?

a. Silence is a therapeutic tool and is encouraged.

b. Silence should be avoided if at all possible.

c. Silence allows the counselor to regain his/her thoughts.

d. Both a and c

b

Giving information has no place in counseling; it defeats exploration and interrupts the process.

a. True

b. False

b

The question, “Are you using this word to mean…” is an example of:

a. Exploring

b. Clarifying

c. Using a general lead

d. Reflecting

a

Which of the following is true regarding clarifying?

a. It is appropriate to interrupt a client to clarify.

b. Clarification does not apply to the meaning of “He” or “They” when a client is talking.

c. A counselor should use medical terminology at times to help orient the client to what she’ll hear a lot since she’s entered the field of mental health.

d. Clarifying is the same as exploring.

c

Allie is an 83-year-old woman with dementia. She keeps calling you “Genevieve, my sweet darling.” Your best response to her would be:

a. “Allie, I’ve told you before I’m not your daughter. Look at me. You’ll see.”

b. “Yes, my darling, I’m here.”

c. “Allie, I am your counselor, Sarah, not your daughter Genevieve.”

d. Ignoring Allie with a good-hearted chuckle

a

Voicing doubt is a therapeutic communication skill.

a. True

b. False

d

Which of the following is an example of the therapeutic use of voicing doubt?

a. “That’s unusual.”

b. “Really?”

c. “That’s hard to believe.”

d. All of the above

a

Which is the most therapeutic response when a patient says, “I can’t stand it anymore. My life is in shambles!”?

a. “You are feeling hopeless.”

b. “But you have so much in your life. Let’s look at the bright side.”

c. “I am sure it’ll be OK.”

d. “Oh, I’m so sorry! You are just a ball of stress, you poor thing!”

b

The most immediate and potentially powerful tense for a reflection of feeling is:

a. Past Tense

b. Present Tense

c. Future Tense

d. All tenses are equally powerful

d

Your 12 year old client comes in with her father. He is fed up with her “defiant” behavior, stating he needs you to “make her understand that she needs to pick up after herself and make better choices.” Your response to him should draw from a body of research suggesting:

a. The areas in teens’ brains that guide planning and reasoning do not fully develop until age 16

b. The areas in teens’ brains that guide planning and reasoning do not fully develop until age 21

c. The areas in teens’ brains that guide planning and reasoning do not fully develop until age 14

d. The areas in teens’ brains that guide planning and reasoning do not fully develop until age 25

d

Your client has asked you to see her three-year old because the child has become increasingly unreasonable. She tells you the child wants to wear her flip flops in the snow because her school shoes get wet and dirty when she wears them in the snow. If she wears her flip-flops, she can just wash them and dry her feet off when she gets wherever she’s going. In terms of psycho-social development, your best response is to tell the client to:

a. Pick her battles and let the child exercise her choice and wear flip flops.

b. Force the child to wear her school shoes. The parent has to keep the upper hand to prevent things from getting out of control as she grows older.

c. Have her buy a pair of closed-in summer shoes that will protect her feet better and let her wear them in the snow.

d. Have the child pick a pair of winter boots to buy and/or wear, and let her wear flip flops around the house during the winter

b

Miguel is 64 years old, in good health and works full-time. Miguel has worked on his job for over 40 years. Miguel is eligible for retirement but he is afraid that if he stops working he will, “go downhill fast” and end up dying before his time like his father. Which theory would you promote?

a. Integrity vs Despair

b. Activity Theory

c. Self-Actualization

d. Social Learning Theory

a

Most behaviors are learned and displayed in a cultural context.

a. True

b. False

b

Which of the following is true about counseling within a cultural context?

a. Behaviors cannot be measured as accurately.

b. Personal identity becomes more clearly defined.

c. The consequences of problems are more ambiguous.

d. Counseling interviews hold less meaning.

c

You are treating an Asian client. He often looks down or out the window when he speaks. The most likely explanation is that:

a. He has poor self-esteem.

b. He must be anxious.

c. His behavior is normal and expected.

d. He is being disrespectful.

c

You walk into your first group session. Who would you expect to divulge the least to you, a Caucasian counselor?

a. A 52-year-old Caucasian female

b. A 36-year-old Caucasian male

c. A 24-year-old African American male

d. A 49-year-old Hispanic female

a

Your 33-year-old client has suffered with infertility for years. She and her husband have just adopted a newborn from China. She is worried that she will not understand what the baby needs since he is from another culture. The proper response would be that:

a. She needn’t worry; all babies, regardless of culture, make similar vocalizations and non-verbal gestures.

b. She should consult with a professional to learn how to best communicate with her Asian newborn.

c. That newborns from another culture do have inherently different vocalizations than Americans and that you will help her find some literature on it

d. That she should take a parenting class about how to communicate well with a baby from another culture.

c

A counselor has a client who is an African American 25-year -old male. He has been relatively non-verbal even after meeting with him for six sessions. The counselor does not understand his client’s behavior and believes that buy-in from a client is important to a good outcome. The counselor likens it to behaviors he has seen before in counseling when clients have been quite willful. The counselor meets with his treatment team and labels him as ‘resistant.’ The labeling is likely a result of:

a. Fact; resistance is resistance

b. Counter-transference

c. Cognitive dissonance

d. Burn out

a

Andre learns that his new doctor is a woman. He tells his sister that a female doctor will not be as effective as a male doctor because females are too emotional. He goes on further to say that he doesn’t want to talk about his feelings; he just wants his back pain to go away. Andre’s way of thinking about this situation can best be described as:

a. prejudiced

b. ethno racial

c. an example of poor cognition

d. discriminatory

b

Adeline works for a pet grooming service that has windows to allow the customers to see their pets being groomed. The owner of the company has a degree in psychology and stated to reporters that she had the windows installed because she knows that people who are watched often perform better than those who do not. This is an example of:

a. social influence

b. social facilitation

c. social conformity

d. social disruption

d

You are working with a client in anger management after he had an altercation on the highway. He stated that the person came up suddenly behind him, driving recklessly and nearly drove him off the road. Your client became very angry and decided he was going to teach the driver a lesson about manners and followed the driver to his destination, the hospital, where his wife was in emergency surgery. Your client was nearly arrested after confronting the driver. Your client committed a ________________ attribution.

a. biased

b. situational

c. personal

d. dispositional

b

Which of the following phrases best reflects the concept of out-group homogeneity?

a. “Why can’t I be like everybody else?”

b. “Those people are all the same.”

c. “Nobody else is like me.”

d. “I’m so glad we all agree”

b

You are watching your college football team win a game they were not expected to win. The crowd goes wild, and the students storm the field from the stands. Suddenly, you see students climbing the goal posts and attempting to take them down. This is an example of

a. inoculation effect

b. deindividuation

c. mass hysteria

d. group polarization

b

John is the CEO of a major corporation and studied psychology in college. In order to avoid _____________ when making major decisions in the boardroom, he has asked his Chief of Operations to be a ‘devil’s advocate’ on any point that he presents.

a. group polarization

b. groupthink

c. fundamental attribution error

d. inoculation effect

d

Priti, Max and Annabel are assigned a presentation at their office. Priti and Max spend the majority of their time on the project while Annabel takes long lunches and leaves the office early. Priti and Max are irritated that Annabel is barely participating, but they want to make sure the presentation goes well. Annabel is engaging in:

a. groupthink

b. group polarization

c. diffusion of responsibility

d. social loafing

a

In which of the following situations is the person MOST likely to be helped?

a. A woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing a street with a couple of people nearby.

b. A large group of angry neighbors watches while an elderly woman is attacked by a dog.

c. A young woman is robbed of her purse while people watch from their apartment windows.

d. A woman collapses on the sidewalk of a crowded street corner.

c

This researcher’s work is known as the Stanford Prison experiment.

a. Asch

b. Milgram

c. Zimbardo

d. Zajonc

b

Conformity reflects influence from __________________ while obedience reflects influence from ___________________.

a. authority; peers/colleagues

b. peers/colleagues; authority

c. compliance; fear

d. fear; compliance

c

A television show starts by dividing its contestants into two teams and having them compete against each other. Later in the show, the two teams are combined into one team. In order to reduce the competitiveness of the individual teams and blend them into one team, they are given a common goal to work toward. The show’s producers are confident the blended team will be successful based on this researcher’s work:

a. Asch

b. Zajonc

c. Sherif

d. Cialdini

b

A freshman who is attending college away for the first time is expected to make an __________ transition in order to fit in and have a successful first year college experience.

a. alloplastic

b. autoplastic

c. individual

d. egocentric

a

In 1954, Brown vs Board of Education was a historic Supreme Court ruling that found all laws pertaining to the segregation of schools “unconstitutional.” The Supreme Court ruling was motivated by an _________belief that white children and children of color should be socialized to attend school together.

a. alloplastic

b. autoplastic

c. direct

d. collectivistic

b

Maylin and her family recently emigrated from China. Maylin is 8 years old and is having difficulty adjusting to school and life in America. Maylin’s teacher reports that Maylin does not socialize with the other students and “acts as if she is afraid of the other students.” Maylin may be experiencing:

a. Assimilation

b. Cultural Anxiety

c. Historical Hostility

d. Discrimination

d

The civil rights movement was birthed out of an ideology of _________ which united and mobilized African-Americans to stand together and fight for freedom.

a. democracy

b. assimilation

c. socialism

d. collectivism

d

The United States embraces the concept of ___________________ as the First Amendment encourages citizens of the United States the freedom to compete and pursue their own interest.

a. egocentrism

b. collectivism

c. patriotism

d. individualism

c

Adler saw the counselor’s role as:

a. Passive

b. The expert

c. Teacher

d. Analyzer

a

Which of the following is not a specific Adlerian technique used to encourage change?

a. Psychodrama

b. Acting “as if”

c. Asking “the question”

d. Catching oneself

b

A Rogerian counselor would tend to use a lot of structured exercises in therapy sessions.

a. True

b. False

b

Chad begins talking about his anxiety. He says, “You know, it’s like you have this big ball of something stuck in your throat. It makes me gag.” As a Gestalt therapist, you would say:

a. “Tell me what you think triggered that.”

b. “OK, say that again, only using the word ‘I’”

c. “What thought was going through your mind at the time?”

d. “What do you fear is going to happen?”

c

You are running group, and you notice a small side conversation happening between the person sitting next to you and the girl seated on the other side of her. It is disrupting the group, so you look at the young girl who looks away. The group member next to you continues on, and you place a hand on her shoulder. This is an example of:

a. Social modeling

b. Operant conditioning

c. Shaping

d. Restructuring

a

Sigmund Freud, the “father of psychoanalysis”, believed that personality and behavior derived from:

a. The Pre-conscious, Conscious and Unconscious Mind

b. The Id, Ego, and Superego

c. Eros and Thanatos

d. Catharsis and Aggression

a

Interrogation is a TA counseling technique.

a. True

b. False

b

Your client tells you that she has been adding a bedtime story to her child’s nighttime routine if he gets ready for bed without fussing. This is a type of:

a. Respondent conditioning

b. Operant conditioning

c. Social modeling

d. Praise

a

Your nine-year-old client tells you that he stays quiet because he does not want to get screamed at like his 14-year-old brother does. This is an example of:

a. Social modeling

b. Operant conditioning

c. Shaping

d. Restructuring

b

You assist your 12-year-old client and his mother to develop a behavior plan. This plan includes three specific behaviors that are being monitored. Your client gets a star for each one successfully completed. After getting 16 stars/week, he gets to choose a reinforcer from a list. This schedule of reinforcement is:

a. Fixed interval

b. Fixed ratio

c. Variable interval

d. Variable ratio

d

Your client tells you that her six-year-old daughter’s behavior seems to worsen just before bedtime. Her child comes out of the room, asking for a story or something to drink. You tell her to say nothing, offer no drink or story, but guide her daughter back into her room quietly and swiftly. This behavioral strategy is called:

a. Bartering

b. Reinforcing

c. Generalization

d. Extinction

c

Your 11-year-old client has a phobia of germs. She picks up her phone with a tissue. She got sick last year in her bedroom and has not slept in her bed in over a year. Your goal is to help reintegrate your client into her bedroom so she can be well rested and attend school regularly (she was on homebound instruction for five weeks). You ask her to bring in a pillow that is on her bed, which causes her anxiety when she thinks about holding it. You work with her to hold the pillow for longer intervals during each session while she allows her anxiety to first rise (when she holds the pillow) and then fall (as she continues to hold the pillow). This is an example of:

a. Environmental planning

b. Overcorrection

c. Systematic desensitization

d. Maintenance

a

Janice, a 54-year-old woman, has been taking about divorcing her husband, but has decided against if for financial reasons. Upon further exploring her financial situation, you learn that she has never successfully provided for herself and has always relied on her husband, with whom she’s been separated for five years, to pay even her most basic bills, like rent. As a Rational Emotive Therapist, you:

a. Help her explore her dependency beliefs

b. Ask her to exaggerate her fidgeting while in the chair so you can explore her emotions and sensations

c. Suggest you do a free association exercise

d. Make an accepting statement, then sit back and let her talk freely

d

The “A-B-C” principle in RET therapy refers to:

a. The fact that intellectual mastery precedes emotional mastery; you must have a strong IQ to function well in life

b. The focus on reducing physical vulnerabilities (“Airway”, “Breathing”, “Circulation”) to reduce emotional vulnerabilities

c. Affect, Behavior, Conversation

d. Activating event, belief, consequences

c

In transactional analysis, when two people are communicating from different ego states, resulting in an unexpected, hurtful response, they are said to be engaging in a(n):

a. Ulterior transaction

b. Complementary transaction

c. Crossed transaction

d. Game transaction

b

According to Frankl, an existential theorist, suffering has no purpose:

a. True

b. False

a

According to existential theorists, __________________ is/are the motivational force that helps clients reach their potential:

a. Anxiety

b. Relationships

c. Career

d. Love

c

Gestalt therapist believe that people overuse the following to their detriment:

a. Senses

b. Feelings and emotions

c. Intellect

d. The here and now

b

Gestalt therapists see awareness:

a. As an absolute

b. On a continuum

c. As unnecessary; it’s all about resolving what’s in the unconscious

d. As secondary; resolving past traumas takes priority

d

In terms of the body’s energy and its patterns, Gestalt therapists:

a. Disregard them

b. Explore them only as a peripheral element of therapy

c. Focus exclusively on them and nothing else

d. Find them useful and integrate and explore them regularly in therapy

b

According to Freud:

a. The client is the expert

b. Transference is the primary role of the counselor

c. The counselor does no interpretation

d. Both a and b

a

Which of the following is not a technique associated with Freud and psychodynamic therapy?

a. Cognitive restructuring

b. Free association

c. Dream analysis

d. All of the above are derived from Freud

d

Inferiority and superiority complexes are terms associated with:

a. Freud

b. Rogers

c. Perls

d. Adler

b

Adler believed that the___ _____________________ was the mainstay of personality development.

a. Preconscious

b. Unconscious

c. Conscious

d. Super-conscious

d

In Karpman’s triangle, which role is the least productive?

a. The persecutor

b. The rescuer

c. The victim

d. They are all equally destructive

c

In Karpman’s triangle, which role vies for unconditional love, “Love me no matter what”?

a. The persecutor

b. The rescuer

c. The victim

d. They all share this motto

c

In Jungian psychology, the victim, persecutor and rescuer would be considered:

a. Either an anima or animus

b. A qualifier on the Myer’s Brigg Inventory

c. An archetype

d. An id element

a

You are seeing a couple who needs intensive counseling assistance. You ask them to buy John Gottman’s book for use in and between sessions. This therapy technique is called:

a. Bibliotherapy

b. Validation

c. A thought recording

d. Self-soothing techniques

d

One reasonable criticism of Freud’s psychodynamic theory is that many of his concepts are difficult to measure and verify. The unconscious is not tangible. From a critical thinking concept, this presents the challenge of:

a. Occam’s Razor

b. replicability

c. correlation versus causation

d. falsifiability

c

In a simple comparison, psychodynamic therapists focus on the ________ and Humanistic therapists focus on the __________.

a. present; present

b. present; past

c. past; present

d. past; past

c

EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) has been marketed widely as a breakthrough treatment for _____.

a. bipolar disorder

b. addictions

c. PTSD

d. schizophrenia

c

A reality therapist would most likely respond to a client’s complaint of melancholy and sad mood by saying:

a. “Sounds like you’re depressed.”

b. “Sounds like you have depression.”

c. “Sounds like you’re depressing.”

d. “Sounds like you’re depressive.”

a

The Interaction techniques of Motivational Interviewing can be written as:

a. OARS

b. ROWS

c. PADDLES

d. CALM

a

All of the following are true about the superego EXCEPT:

a. it inhibits id impulses

b. it governs, controls and regulates the personality

c. it is the judicial branch of personality

d. it represents the ideal

c

Donovan enters his therapist’s office for the first time. Rosa, the therapist, welcomes Donovan warmly and then patiently waits for Donovan to begin discussing why he is there. They discuss the general boundaries of the counseling relationship and Rosa informs Donovan that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Rosa is most likely practicing:

a. Gestalt therapy

b. Jung’s analytic therapy

c. Rogers’s person-centered therapy

d. Beck’s cognitive therapy

c

To increase compliance in the residential program for adolescents, the counselors have decided to track attendance in the group room on a chart. Each time a client shows up on time and returns from break on time, they get a check on the chart. When the entire group consistently earns a week of checks, they earn 30 minutes of free time. This is an example of a ___________.

a. systematic desensitization

b. fixed economy

c. token economy

d. fixed ratio reward

b

“The more we attempt to be who we are not, the more we remain the same,” is an example of:

a. Figure-Formation Process

b. Paradoxical Theory of Change

c. Self-Regulation

d. The authentic encounter

d

Which of the following is considered the most powerful and dangerous archetype?

a. The all-powerful warrior

b. The persona

c. The anima

d. The shadow

d

According to Jungian psychology, dreams serve to:

a. Prepare us for future events

b. Bring a balance of opposites

c. Express things we can’t say out loud

d. Both a and b

a

You are working with a client who suffered a severe dog bite when she was 10 years old. that she is an adult, she is afraid of all dogs. In classical conditioning, this is known as: Now

a. Stimulus generalization

b. Stimulus discrimination

c. Extinction

d. Stimulus functioning

b

Putting your seat belt on when you get in the car to stop the dinging noise is an example of:

a. positive reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

c. negative punishment

d. positive punishment

d

Punishment ________ a behavior, and negative reinforcement _______ a behavior.

a. strengthens, strengthens

b. weakens, weakens

c. strengthens, weakens

d. weakens, strengthens

d

You are working with a client who has Obsessive Compulsive disorder. Everything he does has to be done in groups of threes before he can move through his day. This demonstrates a

__________ pattern of reinforcement.

a. variable interval

b. variable ratio

c. fixed interval

d. fixed ratio

b

Which of the following BEST describes the theoretical orientation of the Stages of Change Model?

a. behavioral model

b. transtheoretical model

c. moral model

d. person-centered therapy model

b

Which of the following is TRUE, according to motivational interviewing?

a. “Readiness to change” is considered a fixed trait.

b. “Readiness to change” is considered a flexible trait.

c. “Readiness to change” is considered a functional trait.

d. “Readiness to change” is not present in motivational interviewing

c

What is the correct order of the Stages of Change Model?

a. Preparation, Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, Maintenance, Recurrence

b. Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, Preparation, Maintenance, Recurrence

c. Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Recurrence

d. Preparation, Contemplation, Action, Recurrence, Precontemplation, Maintenance

b

Which of the following is NOT a type of Gestalt resistance?

a. Retroflection

b. Displacement

c. Confluence

d. Introjection

a

You are an REBT therapist and your client arrives late for a session. He apologies and explains that he has to catch a taxi now because he is without a car. You tell him that the bus stops right at your office door and he tells you he could never take the bus because people might see him. After discussing the validity of his thoughts, you ask if he is willing to try an exercise. He agrees, and you ask him to ride the bus home and introduce himself to 5 people on the bus. This is an example of what technique?

a. Shame-Attacking Exercise

b. Role playing

c. Desensitization

d. Cognitive Homework

b

Socratic questioning is a technique primarily associated with which theory?

a. REBT

b. Cognitive Therapy

c. Reality Therapy

d. None of the above

c

You are in a lecture hall watching a presentation about therapeutic techniques. The presenter asks you to be a client and you agree, sharing a story about how your grandfather passed away while you were in college and you were unable to say good-bye. The presenter gestures to the chair across from you and says, “What would you say to your grandfather if he were sitting here right now?” Which of the following BEST describes the technique and the theory?

a. Role Play; Cognitive therapy

b. Rehearsal; Gestalt

c. Empty chair; Gestalt

d. Shame Attacking; Cognitive therapy

d

Which statement is most true of person-centered therapy?

a. Therapists should be judgmental at all times.

b. Therapists should direct the session when clients are silent.

c. The skill a therapist possesses is more important than the attitude toward the client.

d. The attitude a therapist possesses is more important than the skill a therapist has.

c

You have been working with Elsie, a 14 year old who is struggling in school. In your last session, you ask Elsie’s mother if you can spend the evening with the family in their home to do some family work. You explain that you will arrive and have dinner with the family and then observe how the family interacts with each other. Your technique is an aspect of what family therapy model?

a. Stratified family therapy

b. Logical family intervention

c. Structural family therapy

d. Strategic family intervention

a

SOLER is an acronym for:

a. Square, Open, Lean, Eye, Relaxed

b. Secure, Objective, Listening, Evidence, Relationships

c. Silence, Observe, Listen, Evaluate, Relate

d. Select, Open, List, Explain, Revise

a

Mike has been seeing his counselor, Lawrence, the past six weeks. Lawrence has been able to work with Mike on setting some personal goals to work on achieving. What have Mike and Lawrence formed?

a. Working alliance

b. Enmeshment

c. Symbiotic relationship

d. Dependency

d

A trans-gender youth tells a counselor about his recent experience of being bullied at school. The counselor replies, “I know what that feels like. I was bullied a lot when I was in school.” This statement is an example of:

a. Counter-transference

b. Racial Micro-aggression

c. Reflecting

d. Self-disclosure

d

During which stage of counseling should the counselor work to gain the client’s trust?

a. Intervention Stage

b. Assessment and definition of the problem

c. Termination and Follow up

d. All of the above

a

The goal of behavioral intervention is to:

a. Help the client understand and modify their behavior patterns

b. Have the client behave in a manner the counselor desires

c. Adjust the environment to the client’s behavior

d. Teach client about negative reinforcement and punishment

d

The Miracle Question is a technique used to promote problem solving with clients in:

a. REBT

b. Gestalt Therapy

c. Person-Centered Therapy

d. Solution-Focused Therapy

c

The following is a technique often used in Gestalt Therapy. Counselor: “Last week you stated that you could never forgive your husband. Today you say you have forgiven him but you had a frown on your face when you said it. That says to me you still don’t really forgive him.” Name the technique.

a. Paraphrasing

b. Empathy

c. Confrontation

d. Disputing

b

Amber’s mom says to 12 year old Amber, “I’m not talking to your dad. Tell him here are the keys and that I would appreciate it if he would fill the car up before he returns it.” This is an example of:

a. Paraphrasing

b. Triangulation

c. Unfinished Business

d. Boundaries

b

Roberto is 14 and has been referred to counseling. He has been doing poorly in school and has a history of running away from home. The counselor decides to take a family therapy approach. In using this approach, where does the counselor believe the locus of the problem lies?

a. Within the school system

b. Within the family unit

c. With Roberto only

d. Within Roberto’s circle of friends