Exam #4

adaptions for plants to live successfully on dry land

Cuticle

cellulose

vascular tissue

pollen and ovule

Roots

Fruit

Flower s

Double firtilization

A way to prevent dying out

Cuticle

A way to remain upright

cellulose

A way of producing without water

Pollen and ovule

the transport system in plants that move resources between the roots and leaves

vascular tissue

stomata,

A small opening on the surface of the leaves

The stomata is opened and closed by

Guard cells

How do most plants use Pigments during Photosynthesis?

most plants use pigments to trap solar energy and convert it into Chemical energy using Photosynthesis

Pigments used in plants

chlorophyll a and B, Xanthrophyll and verious cartenoids

Haploid generation

A plant generation where they have only 1/2 the normal amount of genetic materical (similar to eggs and sperm of animals

gametophyte plants

The haploid Plant stage It produces gametes by mitosis and except for mosses and liverworts are hard to see

Diploid

A plant generation where plants have a complete set of genetic material

Sporphyte plants

The most obvious. type of Plant and it develops from the Zygote and produces spores

sporangium

an organ in which cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores

Carries water. and minerals up from rootes to the leaves.

xylem

Carnes food from leaves down to the roots

phloem

Gametangium

• A structure in which gametes are produced In many seedless plants

• the male gametangium is the antheridum which releases sperm

• the femae gametogum is the archegonium where the embryo develops

Syngamy

The fusion of 2gamates to for Zygote

Homosporus plants

Produces one type of spore

Heteroporous plants produce small male microspores and larger female megaspores

The Diffrence between Haplontic and Diplontic

Haplontic refers to a life cycle in which there is a dominant Haploid stage and Diplontic refers to a life cycle in which the Diploid stage is the dominant stage

Do All Plants obserd their carbohydrates as starch?

yes

3 Types of fleshy

fruits

Simple fruit-1 flower and 1 ovary

Aggregate fruits-1 flower and many ovaries

multiple fruits-Many flowers which merge into varies

Cuth over 250,000 species of Anthophyta alone why do you think we get most of our nourishment from only 3 Plants? (weat, Corn, and rice)

These three plants have the most endosperm (Calories) in the seeds, are easy to grow, and are the most domesticated

As plants became more advanced, what happened to the relative importane of the gameophyte and sporophyte generations?

as plants became more advanced, the gametophyte generation got smaller making it easier to be carried by insects or the land and the sporophyte generation became larger to support the gameophyte generation

The flower structure

sepal

Petals

Carpel

Style

Stigma

ovary

stamen.

Anther

Filament

Receptacle

The main Difference Between Avascular plants and vascular plants

Avascular plants have no xylem or Pholem

vascular plants have xylem and Pholem

vascular plants Divison

Avascular plants have no xylem or Pholem

vascular plants have xylem and Pholem

is the gameophyte generation dominant in Avascular plants?

yes

vascular plants (seedless plant division)

Divison-Lycophyta Club Moss

Pterophyta Horse tails and True Ferns

These plants do have vascular tissue. Has roots, stems, and leaves, rhizoids and swimming sperm

Are the sporyte generation is dominant in these plants?

yess

vascular plants (seed producing plants) Division

Division: Coniferophyta

Division: Anthophyta

monocots

Dicots

This group do not have swimming sperm but use pollen and ovules

Coniferophyta

Conifer (also called Gymnosperms)

seed producing plants

Anthophyta

seed producing Plant

Flowering plants (also called Angiosperms

Monocots

vens in leaves run Parallel, Petals in multiple of 3's

seed Producing plant

dicots

veins in leaves form a network, Petals in multiples of fours and fives

what are the characteristics of vascular seed producing Plants

They do not have Swimming sperm

They use pollen and ovules

They don't have true roots and leaves

only Anthophyta Produce flowers and fruits 1

male reproductive system (The Stamen)

The Stamen is the male reproductive structure of a flower

Its job is to produce Pollen, which contains the male. reproductive cells

The 2 main Parts of the stamen

Anther

Filament

Anther

Produces pollen grains

Pollen contains the male reproductive cells

usually found of the top of the stamen

Filament

a thin stalk that support the anther

holds the anther in position so pollen can be transferred

Female reproductive system-Carpel (Pistill)

The Carpel is the female reproductive structure of a flower

It receries Pollen and

contain the structure needed for fertilization and seed production

3 main parts i the female productive system

Stigma

style

ovary

stigma

The sticky top part of flower

Catches and receives pollen

Style.

Long, norrow.tube connecting the stigma to the ovary

provides a pathway for the pollen tube to grow toward the ovary

ovary

Located at the bottom of the carpel

Contains ovules

After fertilization the ovules develop into seeds, and the ovary usually develops into fruit

Petal

usually colorful and sometimes scented.

Attracts Pollinators such as bus and butterflies

helps with pollination

ovule

located inside the ovary

contains the female Reproductive cell

develops into a seed after fertilization

Receptacle

The enlarged base of the flower

Holds and supports the flowers structure

How does Pollination and fertilization work

pollination-pollen moves from the Anther to the stigma.

Pollen tube: A Pollen tube grows down through the style

Fertilization: The male reproductive cell travels through the pollen tube and joins cute th female reproductive cell inside the ovule

seed formation: The fertilized ovule develops into a seed

Fruit formation: The overy usually develops into a fruit