Biodiversity Exam #2 - Diversity of Life

list the domains of life (3)

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

under what domain falls plants

eukarya

define eukaryotes

a cell or organism that features a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

what eukaryotic supergroup is the focus of the plants file

archaeplastisida

explain the origins of archaeplastida

ancestral endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium —> second endosymbiotic event with photosynthetic organisms

ancestral group within achaeplastida (2)

1) algae

2) aquatic organisms

most derived group within the archaeplastida

land plants —> terrestrial plants

list the groups within archaeplastida (4)

1) red algae / nori

2) green algae - chlorophytes

3) green algae - charophytes

4) land plants

green algae and land plants increased the dominance of what plant characteristics (3)

1) chlorophyll

2) cellulose synthesis

3) flagellated sperm

what characteristic distinguishes land plants from algae

embryo retention

characteristics of a plant (8)

1) multicellular eukaryotes

2) photosynthetic (unless a secondarily lost trait —> ex. carnivorous plants)

3) cell walls of cellulose, a rigid starch material

4) apical meristems

5) indeterminant growth

6) roots

7) shoots

8) vascular tissue

define and describe the significance of apical maristems

tips of plants that rapidly grow and divide; only found in plants and allow for the starting and slowing of growth depending on environmental conditions (indeterminant growth)

aquatic plants motivations for moving to land (3)

1) abundance of sunlight

2) carbon dioxide

3) initial lack of predation

challenges faced by evolving land plants when adapting to terrestrial conditions (4)

1) desiccation —> drying out

2) support —> staying upright and facing the sun

3) nutrient acquisitions

4) sexual reproduction

adaptations to the challenges faced by evolving land plants (5)

challenges —> adaptations

1) dessication 1) tolerance, waxy cuticle

2) support 2) cellulose and lignin

3) nutrient acquisition 3) roots and vascular tissue

4) sexual reproduction 4) pollen, seeds, embryo retention

5) herbivory 5) secondary metabolites

draw groupings of land plants chart

evolutionary advantages and costs of growing tall?

advantage of height is priority access to sunlight

cost of height is lots of required resources, time, energy cost, instability, increased predation

define bryophytes

non-vascular seedless plants

list bryophytes (3)

liverworts, hornworts, true mosses

characteristics of bryophytes

1) limited to moist environments

2) lack lignin

3) anchored with rhizoids

4) for reproduction sperm swim through water drops to egg

draw and explain the life cycle of moss

evolution of the vascular plants characteristics

1) sunlight competition favored growth (height)

2) vascular tissue required for growth

3) xylem for mineral and water transport —> root to shoot

4) phloem for sugar and organic molecules —> source to sink

5) true roots and leaves

6) symbiosis with soil fungi mycorrhizae

define lycophytes and pterophytes

seedless vascular plants

list the lycophytes and pterophytes

clubmosses

horsetails

ferns

during what period were the lycophytes and pterophytes dominant (name + period)

carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago)

impact of the carboniferous period

coal mining and deposits in the modern day due to decomposition of pterophytes and lycophytes

characteristics of lycophytes and pterophytes

1) seedless

2) vascular — xylem and phloem, leaves and root systems

3) water still needed for fertilization

draw and explain the life cycle of a fern

explain the differences in the life cycle between the fern and mosses

check notes page 43-44

—> emphasis must be on sporophyte and gametophyte generations / haploid and diploid

evolution of seeded plants

1) pollen and seeds allow for independence from water, not allowed for mosses, ferns (bryophytes, lycophytes and pterophytes)

2) pollen allows for dispersal and fertilization without water

3) seeds allow for dormancy and early development of the embryo

pollen contains (2)

1) two sperm cells

2) one pollen tube cellss

seeds contain (2)

1) embryo

2) protective seed coat

gymnosperm definition

naked seed plants

characteristics of gymnosperms (4)

1) nonflowering

2) conebearing

3) needle-like leaves

4) wind dispersed pollen

list and describe the cones of the gymnosperms

1) staminate cone —> microsporophyte = pollen, bottom

2) ovulate cone —> megasporophyte = egg, top

explain why gymnosperms have cone design they do for male and female cones

check notes, page 44-45

define pollination in regards to gymnosperms

pollen transfer from a staminate cone to an ovulate cone

define fertilization

sperm (pollen) and egg cell combining and fusing to form a zygote

examples of gymnosperm (7)

1) spruce

2) sequoia

3) juniper

4) larch

5) cycad

6) ginkophyte

7) gnetophyte

after what does a seed form?

after pollination and fertilization

define angiosperms

flowering vascular plants

explain the use of flowers, seeds, and fruits for angiosperms

1) flowers as leaves modified for reproductive purposes to advertise plant to pollinators and insects

2) seeds as dormancy and germination packages

3) fruit as food reward for organisms dispersing seeds, protection

draw and label a flower

explain the major characteristics of the sepal, petal, tamen, and carpel

sepal —> encloses bud of the flower during development, photosynthesis

petal —> modified leaf that attracts pollinators

stamen —> male reproductive organ, produces pollen

carpel —> female reproductive organ, produces egg cells

describe a pollen

sperm cells x2

pollen tube cell x1

describe the pathway of the ovules and ovary in angiosperms

egg cells in ovules —> seeds post fertilization

ovules within ovary —> fruit post fertilization

describe angiosperm reproduction

1) pollination when pollen is transferred from a stamen (male) to the stigma

2) the style gives a route to the ovules in the ovary

3) pollen tube cell creates an extension in pollen, stretching down into the ovary and an ovule within the ovary

draw angiosperm fertilization steps

explain the significance of double fertilization

one sperm cell fertilizes the egg in the ovule in the ovary to form the zygote and the second sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm

list the four types of fruits

1) simple fruit

2) aggregate fruit

3) multiple fruit

4) accessory fruit

describe a simple fruit

-one flower

-single carpel

-multiple stamens

-petals

example of simple fruit

pea fruit

describe an aggregate fruit

-one flower

-multiple carpels

-multiple stamens

-petals

examples of aggregate fruits

blackberry, raspberry

describe multiple fruits

-multiple simple fruit flowers on one area, inflorescence

-flowers have multiple stamens and one carpel

examples of multiple fruit

pineapple, dragonfruit, cacti, yukus

accessory fruit characteristics

-dense fruit surrounding the seeds

-recepticle ovary expands largely

-ovary of the flower is decended into the recepticle

examples of accessory fruits

apple, peach, plumb, handfruit/treefruit

methods of dispersal (4)

1) abiotic dispersal

2) wind dispersed

3) water dispersed

4) mechanical dispersal

examples of wind dispersal

1) giant asian climbing gourd seeds

2) winged maple leaves

3) tumbleweeds

4) dandelion seeds

example of water dispersal

1) coconut with buoyant embryo, endosperm, endocarp

methods of mechanical dispersal (3)

1) animal dispersal

2) animal hoarding

3) attachment dispersal

examples of mechanical dispersal

• puncture vines

• animal hoarding with squirrels and seeds/nuts/fruits

• seeds dispersed in feces

• insects carrying and moving seeds

define monoecious plants

male and female in one flower or plant

define dioecious plant

separate male and female plants

domains of life (3)

1) bacteria

2) archaea

3) eukarya

explain the relationship between bacteria and archaea (2)

1) both are considered prokaryotes

2) not sister taxa

conditions of early earth (4)

1) volcanically active

2) thinner atmosphere, anoxic / less oxygen

3) oceans and landmasses

4) high UV radiation from lack of ozone layer

define extremophiles

organisms that thrive in extreme environments

locations where extremophiles thrived (5)

1) deep ocean vents

2) caves

3) hydrothermal vents

4) hot springs

5) volcanic environments

6) microbial mats

where are microbial mats located?

around hydrothermal vents

define stromatolites

living microbial mats form stromatolites, a biofilm secretion from microbes that creates a harden surface that microbes live upon

evidence of early stromatolites come from

fossilized stromatolites

modern day example of cyanobacteria can be found in

hot springs

define anoxic atmosphere

the atmosphere with no or reduced free oxygen

organisms supported by anoxic atmosphere

anaerobic organisms - organisms that do not consume oxygen to metabolize

map the impacts of phototrophic cyanobacteria on early life on earth (

1) anoxic atmosphere only supported anaerobic organisms

2) phototropic cyanobacteria (extremophile) gradually increased amount of oxygen (free) in atmosphere

3) oxygen accumulated, overtime generating O3, or ozone

4) cools biosphere, allowing for more hospitable environment for life

5) ozone accumulation in the atmosphere absorbs UV radiation

6) aerobic organisms accumulate who cellularly respirate with oxygen and have more efficient ATP production

how long was the atmosphere anoxic for early earth

first 2 billion years

major impacts of cyanobacteria increasing atmospheric oxygen (2)

1) oxygen accumulating into ozone, absorbing UV radiation

2) allowed for aerobic organisms (organisms that use oxygen for metabolism), eventually allowing for more efficient ATP production.

characteristics of prokaryotes (3)

1) lack membrane bound organelles

2) circular chromosomes and plasmids

3) cell walls and capsules

purpose of prokaryote cell walls and capsules (2)

1) protection

2) attachment

identify the bacterial shape

cocci

identify the bacteria shape

baccili

identify the bacteria shape

spirilla

draw and label a prokaryote (8)

*fimbrae = pili

do achaeal organisms have peptidoglycan cell walls

no, only bacterial organisms have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

draw and label gram positive bacteria walls (3)

draw and label gram negative bacteria (4)

distinguish between bacteria and archaea (2)

1) archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan whereas bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan

2) not sister taxa on domain phylogenetic tree

examples of biofilms (2)

1) plaque on teeth

2) metal rusts

define biofilms

biofilms are a mixture of multiple bacteria, archaea, or even fungi that secrete organic molecules that form protective crusts for said organisms to live on and be protected by

methods of prokaryote reproduction and genetic recombination (4)

1) binary fission

2) transformation

3) transduction

4) conjugation

define binary fission

the duplication of a prokaryotes circular chromosomes into two daughter cells; cloning/miosis

define transformation

the intake of enviornmental bacterial or archaeal cells’ genetic information (DNA) for increased diversity and variation genetically

define transduction

the uptake of DNA by a virus of a host and the translocation horizontally of the DNA from prokaryote to prokaryote as the virus moves from host to host

define conjugation

plasmid DNA transfers through interactions with another prokaryote

explain the need for various methods of prokaryote reproduction and genetic recombination

no sexual reproduction; without various methods of variation prokaryotes would be less resilient to environmental changes

true or false: pathogenic bacteria are common

false; pathogenic bacteria are the exception, not the rule

define zoonoses

a zoonotic disease, a disease transmitted from non-human animals to humans