atmosphere

weather

constantly changing state of the atmosphere

examples of weather

sunny, 63 degrees, low himidity

climate

average weather conditions over an extended period of time

examples of climate

average high, average low, severe summers, mild winters

elements of the atmosphere

temperature , humidity, wind speed and direction

elements of the atmosphere

barometric pressure , type and amount of cloud cover, type and amount of precipitation

78%

nitrogen in the atmosphere

21%

oxygen in the atmosphere

0.934%

argon in the atmosphere

0.031%

co2 in the atmosphere

homosphere

in the layer from ground to 48 miles in altitude

hemisphere

makeup is the same

heterosphere

from 48 miles up to 120 miles

heterosphere

gases are layered based on densities

hydrogen, helium , oxygen, nitrogen

order for gases top to bottom

height, decreasing

pressure decreases with ___ and at a ____ rate

trophosphere

weather sphere , layer of air around us

troposphere

in the ___ temperatures decrease with height

normal lapse rate

average rate air cools in the troposphere 6.5km

tropopause

top of the troposphere temperatures are constant

stratosphere

greatest concentration of ozone , absorbs sunlight

stratosphere

temp increases with height s

stratosphere

this layer of the atmosphere is isothermal

mesosphere

coldest layer

mesosphere

temp decrease with height

mesopause

isothermal

thermosphere

hottest layer of the atmosphere

= good weather

high pressure

= clouds/ precipitation

low pressure

windy

lines on map close together

calm

lines on map far apart

tropical storm

39-73mph

hurricane

greater than or equal to 74 mph

ozone

a poisonous gas

ozone layer

absorbs uv radiation

ozone

produces photochemical reactions in the stratosphere

chloroflouracarbons

chemically inert

effects of ozone

utility use increases, cornea damage , rise in sea levels, less land, change in weather patterns , increase in hurricanes

convert from c to f

1.8 x C +32 = F

convert from F to C

F - 32 / 1.8 = C

absolute zero

molecules stop moving and there is no kinetic energy

Formila for K to C

K -273 = C

Formula from C to K

C + 273

Latent heat

hidden or stored heat that is released or absorbed when h20 changes its phase

calories

amount of heat needed to change the temp of 1 gram of h20 by 1 degree celsius

when molecules slow down

latent heat released

when molecules speed up

latent head absorbed

radiation

wavelike energy given off by every object that possesses heat or has a temperature

atmosphere

heat transfers through the ___

conduction

heat transfers through point to point contact of molecules

solids

the best conductors

bad insulators

good conductors are

good insulators

poor conductors are

during convection

warm air rises cool air sinks

convection

leads to convective thunderstorms

advection

horizontal heat transfer of a fluid liquid or gas

cold air evection

north wind air coming from north leads to

warm air advection

south wind air coming from the south leads to

electromagnetic spectrum

scale off radiation based on wavelength (temp)

infrared

longwave radiation detected as heat by earth and humans

visible

eye sensitive to white light

ultraviolet

shortwave radiation by the sun- solar

the ground up

earths atmosphere heats and cools from

gases

selective absorbers of radiation

radiation

all objects emit

radiation

hotter objects emit more __ than colder objects

wavelengths

hotter objects emit shorter ___ of radiation

perfect emitter of radiation

a perfect absorber of radiation is also a

greenhouse gases

water vapor, methane , co2 and nitrous oxide are all

absorption

gases are selective absorbers

scattering

direct radiation becomes indirect

reflection

angle of incoming radiation - angle of outgoing radiation

albedo

measure of reflectivity

rotation

earth is spinning on its axis wich is titled 23.5 degrees and completes a ___ once a day

revolution

elliptic orbit around the sun every 365 ¼ days

93 million miles

average distance of earth from the sun

temperature

affected by # of daylight hours, angle of sunlight, amount of atmosphere sunlight travels

dec 21-22 , sun overhead at 23 ½ s , fewest daylight hours

winter solstice

spring or vernal equinox

mar 20-21, sun overhead at equator, equal # day/night hours

June 21-22, sun overhead at 23 ½ N , greatest number of daylig

summer solstice

fall or autumnal equinox

sept 22-23 , sun overhead at equator, equal # day/night

required to change temp of water

3x as much heat is ___

orchard heaters

for frost prevention: most effective most $$

sprinklers

provide layer ice, release of latent heat