FORM SHOTGUN 2-5

What are the responsibilities of #1?

Clear for the formation

Plan Ahead of the aircraft

Monitor 2

Navigate

Communicate

What are the responsibilities of number 2?

Do not hit number one

keep number one in sight

be in position and on frequency

clear for the formation

back up number 1

when lead querries "AXLE 2, posit" how should you respond?

Provide your position relative to number 1

What is the difference between "Go-Com" and "Push-Com"

Go requires a response

push is not awknowledged

Why do we use brevity codes?

To achieve clear, concise, correct, and effective communication

What does "blind" mean?

When referring to aircraft within the formation, lack of visual contact

What does the term "visual" mean?

When referring to aircraft within the formation, positive visual contact

What does the term "no joy" mean?

When referring to aircraft outside of the formation, lack of visual contact

What does the term "tally ho" mean?

When referring to aircraft outside of the formation, positive visual contact

What does the term "padlocked" mean?

The pilot cannot take his or her eyes off an aircraft or ground object without losing sight of that aircraft or object

Why do we use visual signals in formation?

Visual signals reduce radio comms and permits pilots to communicate with each other during periods of radio silence

How does 2 acknowledge an echelon turn signal?

head nod

What is the hand signal for a BD Check?

checkmark

What are your actions after a knock-it-off or terminate?

clear the flight path

cease maneuvering

maintain visual

acknowledge with callsign

In wings level flight, what is the lost wingman procedure?

Turn away 15 degrees for 15 seconds and inform 1. Resume lead's heading after this time. Proceed on a separate clearance.

Inside a turn, what is the lost wingman procedure?

Reduce power. Direct number 1 to roll out. Maintain bank to ensure separation. Proceed on separate clearance.

Outside a turn, what is the lost wingman procedure?

Reverse the direction of the turn, using 15 degrees of bank for 15 seconds. After 15 seconds, number 2 rolls out, continues straight ahead. Inform 1 and and proceed on separate clearance.

On a precision or non-precision approach what is the lost wingman procedure?

Momentarily turn away from 1, then to FAF or GS intercept altitude. Proceed to missed approach point, inform lead and obtain a separate clearance.

What is the lost wingman procedure while executing a missed approach?

Momentarily turn away from 1. Continue missed approach while climbing 500' above MAP altitude. Inform 1 and obtain separate clearance.

What does the term "check" mean (ex: Check 90 right)?

turn (number) of degrees left or right and maintain new heading

What does the term "drag" mean?

To trail behind another aircraft. Normally used to create separation for formation landings.

What does the term "no factor" mean?

Stated object is not a threat

What does the term "ROLEX [+/- time]" mean?

Timeline adjustment in minutes for entire mission; always referenced from original preplanned mission execution time. "Plus" means later, "minus" means earlier.

What does the term "STRANGLE [system]" mean?

Turn off system indicated (e.g., STRANGLE PARROT).

When should you breakout as #2 (HITS)?

When you are a hazard to the formation

When you're in front of or under 1

When told to

When you have lost SA relative to lead

How do you breakout?

Clear in the direction of the breakout

Use power and/or speed brake as required to maintain safe maneuvering airspeed to expedite separation

Inform lead of the breakout if not directed by lead

Advise visual.

After a breakout, when number 2 achieves safe separation and visual contact with number 1, what radio call is made to number 1?

"Texan 2, visual"

T/F Following a breakout, number 2 can parallel number 1's flight path in-order to control a divergent vector before a rejoin is directed by 1?

true

What is the lost sight or blind procedure?

Call blind with an altitude

If there is no timely acknowledgement, 2 should maneuver away from 1's last known position

The formation member with visual contact transmits a relative position from the "blind" aircraft; for example, "Texan 1, visual, right, 2 o'clock, high."

If both aircraft are blind, 1000' altitude separation should be directed by 1. Do not cross altitudes

How do you execute a lead change initiated from fingertip?

2 moves out to ensure wingtip separation

2 accepts the lead after reaching a position abeam to 1

What is the visual reference for 30 AA?

Vertical stab bisects wing

SA or star in the saddle

What is the visual refrence for 45 AA

Vertical stab on the wingtip

What is lead pursuit?

Number 2 aims the aircraft nose in front of number 1s flight path

With enough lead pursuit, AA and closure will increase, while HCA will decrease.

Various lead pursuit may result in aft LOS, no LOS, or minimal forward LOS depending on the magnitude of lead pursuit and other parameters such as a relative airspeed and G.

What is pure pursuit?

Number 2 aims the aircraft nose directly at number 1.

In pure pursuit there is initially no LOS; the other aircraft remains fixed at 12 o'clock in the canopy. A pure pursuit initially creates closure that diminishes over time.

What is lag pursuit?

Number 2 aims the aircraft nose behind number 1's flight path.

Although there may still be some closure initially, closure soon decreases, AA decreases, and HCA increases.

Describe the fingertip position

6AA, 10' wingtip separation

Exhaust stack on the wing caged between the pitot tube and wingtip light

2's FCP pilot aligned with the forward edge of the horizontal stabilizer and rudder hinge

How do you correct as number 2 when a deviation is recognized?

Correct vertical position or stack first, correct fore and aft second, and finally adjust the lateral spacing in and out.

Describe the route position

LAB to 30 degrees aft

2 ship widths to 500'

Level

What is the visual signal for a cross under?

Rapid shallow wing dip

What are the parameters for an echelon turn as lead?

Smooth roll to approximately 60 AOB

What is the standard airspeed for a rejoin within the MOA?

180 KIAS

What angle of bank is standard for a turning rejoin in the MOA?

30 AOB

What is the objective of an overshoot?

Safely Dissipate Excessive Closure and (or) Aspect

What is the minimum distance required behind one when overshooting?

Minimum spacing of two ship lengths

What do you do if you can't maintain this separation?

Breakout

Define the fighting wing cone

30 to 45 cone

500-1000' aft

Don't stack lower than lead while flying below 1000 feet AGL

What are three options for getting a T-6 formation airborne?

Formation takeoff ("wing takeoff")

Interval

Instrument Trail departure

Where should 2 be on a wing takeoff?

Upwind side if crosswinds exceed 5kts

Inside the first turn if VMC

Outside the first turn if IMC.

What is the minimum wingtip clearance for a wing takeoff?

20'

What signal does 2 give to signify they are ready for run-up?

Head nod

What airspeed can #1 retract gear and flaps when the formation is safely airborne? Number 2?

1: A minimum of 110 KIAS

2: When climbing, and number 1s gear begins to retract

For an interval takeoff, what is the minimum time spacing between aircraft?

6 seconds

What power setting is used for an interval takeoff?

Max

Lead will reduce power to 85-95% after reaching 160 KIAS

When is an instrument trail departure used?

Used when WX (ceiling and visibility) does not allow an interval or formation takeoff.

What is the minimum time spacing between aircraft on an instrument trail departure?

20 seconds

What power setting and angle of bank is used for an instrument trail departure?

Climb at max power at 160 KIAS

30 AOB

What are the training levels and parameters for wing work?

Level 1: 0-30 AOB, +/- 10 Pitch, 1-2Gs, 120 KIAS min

Level 2: 0-60 AOB, +/- 25 Pitch, 1-2Gs, 120 KIAS min

Level 3: 0-90 AOB, +/- 35 Pitch, 1-3Gs, 120 KIAS min

Describe 2's position for close trail

1 to 2 aircraft lengths (nose to tail) behind and just below 1's wake turbulence and prop wash

What positions can number 1 may direct close trail from?

Fingertip, route, or echelon

What general training rules apply to ET?

300' safety bubble

100 kts minimum

No abrupt reversals

2-ship formation only

What are the training levels and parameters for Extended Trail?

Level 1: 30-60 AOB, 2Gs, ~50% Power

Level 2: 120 AOB, Mod G, 85% Power (Low), MAX (High)

Level 3: Bank as required, G as required , 85% Power (Low), MAX (High)

What is the minimum airspeed on a formation approach?

110 KIAS minimum

120 KIAS reccommended

What is the procedure for a formation go-around?

1 advances power to 75 and adheres to normal single ship go around procedure

If directed to offset, ensure 2 has safe altitude and airspeed to maneuver

What is the procedure for a formation missed approach?

Number 1 smoothly advances power to approximately 75% torque, slowly and smoothly establishes the missed approach pitch attitude, and uses the radio to direct gear and flap retraction

What is the minimum weather for a formation takeoffs?

500 and 1.5sm visiility or cicling minimums, whichever is higher

No more than 15 knots crosswind component

What is the minimum weather for an interval takeoff?

1500' and 3sm

What is the minimum altitude for a lead change?

400' AGL

What is the minimum runway width for formation wing takeoffs?

150'

What is the minimum runway width for interval takeoffs?

75'

What is the minimum runway width for Four-ship slot or echelon lineup takeoffs?

300'

When are interval takeoffs required?

When calculated min power at 60 KIAS is less than 85% torque

Runway smaller than 150' wide

Crosswinds out of limits for wing takeoff

Any standing water, ice, slush, or snow on the runway

What is the minimum weather required for a VMC drag?

1500' and 3 miles

What is the maximum angle of bank allowed in route and echelon?

60 AOB

What is the minimum airspeed for close trail?

120 KIAS minimum

T/F: G-awareness exercise is required prior to ET maneuvering

True

Under what weather conditions may practice lost wingman be done?

VMC

What timeframe can aircrews not enter a low level route?

No earlier than 30 minutes after sunrise (1hr for mountainous terrain) and exit the route no later than 30 minutes before sunset (1hr for mountainous terrain)

What are the altitude restrictions for a low level route?

500' to 1500''AGL

When terrain height varies, aircrews will maintain a minimum of 500 feet above the highest terrain within 2000' of the aircraft

How high must aircrews fly above towers on a low level route?

Minimum of 500 feet above the highest obstacle within 2nm of the aircraft until acquired visually

Once the obstacle is acquired and positively identified, aircrew will maintain 2000' lateral clearance

When will "knock-it-off" be called?

When safety of flight is a factor or where doubt or confusion exists.

When will a "Terminate" be called?

When safety of flight is not a factor, "terminate" will be used to discontinue maneuvering

What is the signal for attention in the air?

Execute rapid shallow rocking of wings

What is the signal for a BD Check?

Hold clenched fist with index finger and thumb extended, back of hand towards canopy.

Visual signal for changing leads?

Make several forward pointing motions, then hold up number of fingers to indicate present position of the point which is to assume the lead.

Pilot of aircraft assuming the lead nods head.

Visual signal for echelon turn?

Extend clenched fist with forefinger and little finger extended upward for each echelon turn performed.

Fuel Check?

Close fist with the thumb extended and perform drinking motion with thumb touching the oxygen mask.

Response to fuel check?

Extend one finger for each 1,000 lbs. of fuel board.

Extend finger(s) vertically for 1,000 to 5,000 lbs; horizontally for 6,000 to 9,000 lbs.

After signaling 1,000 lbs. increments, pull hand out of sight then signal 100 lbs increments in the same manner.

Signal zero with closed fist.

Visual signal for gear down?

Downward motion with a closed fist, thumb extended downward.

Visual signal for Oxygen/Climb check?

Cup hand over oxygen mask, followed by query in the form of an OK sign (circle formed by touching ends of thumb and forefinger, other fingers extended).

visual signal for a pitchout

Make a circular motion with vertically extended index finger

Visual signal for Radio Frequency change?

Tap helmet near ear with fingers extended. Then for a present channel change--tap helmet, extend appropriate number of fingers for channel desired, pulling hand down out of sight between digits.

Visual signal for run up engine for takeoff?

Make a circular motion with vertically extended index finger

visual signal for speed brake in/out

Biting motion with hand; fingers and thumb opening and closing

Visual signal for start engines?

Extend arm overhead and make a circular motion with the hand.

Visual signal for start takeoff roll?

Lead places head back toward headrest and nods head for brake release.

Visual signal for descend to a lower altitude

Hold hand at top of canopy, palm down, fingers extended and joined, move hand forward and down

visual signal for desire to land

Movement of the hand, flat, with palm down fingers extended and joined, move hand forward and downward, finishing the movement in a simulated roundout. As an alternate signal, lower the landing gear.

visual signal for must land immediately?

Close fist and hold the top of the canopy with thumb extended downward, then move arm up and down rapidly. (Do not confuse with "GEAR DOWN" signal, which is generally not used with altitude)

Visual signal for "I must land on your wing"?

Pat shoulder, palm down. To prevent confusion with other signals, use right hand and left shoulder or vice versa. To acknowledge, other pilot must give the OK signal; the basic signal indicates a jet approach speed of 130 knots. If the distress aircraft desires a higher approach speed, the pilot must raise one finger for each 10 knot increase desired. The distressed aircraft lands and the escort executes a go around.

Visual signal for radio failure?

Tap microphone or earphone of helmet and signal as appropriate

Receiver failure: With palm of hand over the ear position, move hand forward and backward

Transmitter failure: With palm of hand toward and in front of the face, move hand up and down