Human Development Quiz #3 (Chpt 12 - Preschool Years)

Infants transition from infancy to toddlerhood when they achieve what milestone?

Walking

An activity that is intrinsically motivated and engaged in for pleasure, becomes more complex during this stage and is central to the process of preschool development.

Play

In the second through fourth developmental years, children acquire the basic skills needed to function within their social and cultural environment.

Developmental milestones

The brain’s plasticity is at its postnatal highest at what time (2)?

Infancy and during the preschool years

A period of rapid physical growth and increased control of both body functions and movements.

Physical Development

What are some gross motor skills acquired between 2 and 2 ½ years?

• Walks up the stairs using reciprocal movements independently, although may still need help with going down stairs

• Able to walk backward

• Stands on toes

• Stands on one foot for a few seconds

What are some gross motor skills acquired between 2 1/2 and 3 years?

• Walks on a line with one foot in front of the other

• Walks on tiptoes

• Stays on one foot for two to three hops

• Pedals a tricycle

What are some fine motor skills acquired between 2 and 2 ½ years?

• Demonstrates a functional grasp and wrist control with using a spoon, some spillage

• Able to unbotton large buttons on clothing

• Able to turn the pages of a book one at a time

• Begin to create things with clay and modeling clay

What are some fine motor skills acquired between 2 1/2 and 3 years?

• Able to manipulate small beads and pegs

• Able to hold an object with one hand while using the other hand to perform an action

• Scribbles spontaneously

• Turns over container to pour out contents

What are some gross motor skills acquired between 3 and 3 ½ years

• Stands on one foot for up to 5 seconds

• Balances on a balance beam

• Walks up and down the steps well, alternating feet

• Jumps with both feet

What are some fine motor skills acquired between 3 and 3 ½ years?

Able to hold up fingers to tell age

Able to use enough force to roll modeling clay into worms or snakes

Holds crayon or marker with the thumb, index, and middle fingers

Dresses him or herself with help

What are some fine motor skills acquired between 3 1/2 and 4 years?

• Successfully manages small buttons

• Holds a drinking glass in one hand

• Draws a person with two to four body parts

• Able to use a one-button computer mouse

What are some gross motor skills acquired between 3 1/2 and 4 years?

Able to hop forward three or more times

Rhythmically marches to music

Moves forward and backward with agility

Broad jumps forward up to 24 inches

What are some gross motor skills acquired between 4 and 4 ½ years?

Able to climb up a ladder to the slide and slide down

Can stand on one foot for up to 10 seconds

Able to hop on one foot for up to 10 seconds

Able to hop on one foot five times

What are some fine motor skills acquired between 4 and 4 ½ years?

Able to screw and unscrew nuts and bolts

Able to touch each finger to the tip of the thumb

Uses table utensils skillfully

What are some gross motor skills acquired between 4 1/2 and 5 years?

Beginning to learn to pump the swing

Running is controlled; can start, stop, and turn while remaining balances

Walks on tiptoe

Gallops and skips

What are some fine motor skills acquired between 4 1/2 and 5 years?

• Able to manipulate squeeze bottles

• Hand preference is established

• Laces (but cannot tie) shoes

• Able to dial a telephone

Expansion of expressive and receptive language happens at what age?

1

Semantic and syntactic structure of their language becomes more complex at what age?

2

By this age, children can acquire nearly 1,000 words and produce three-word sentences

3

By this age, children have the ability and desire to communicate expands rapidly

By 4 and 5

By this age, children can use words precisely and use plurals, correct tense

5

By this age, children can communicate and carry-on extended conversations

5-6 years

A complex set of neurologic functions that enable the brain to understand what is going on both inside the body and in all of the environmental contexts in which individuals engage

Sensory Processing

Is a theory and treatment approach developed on an understanding of this process and is used to guide clinical reasoning and intervention decisions

Ayres Sensory Integration

Strong inner drive to produce adaptive responses (games and play activities).

By the end of this period children are able to engage in motor planning challenges (jump rope, hopscotch)

3-7 years old

Those aspects of touch that we think about consciously, like how hard, smooth, or curved an object is

Haptic perception is a form of this touch

Discriminative touch

Children react with protective or avoidance responses to what should be nonthreatening touch information

Tactile defensiveness

Ability to control the body’s position in space and to remain erect in spite of changes in the surface being walked on

Postural control

Ability to keep the body balanced and aligned

Postural stability

The ability to maintain a stable base of support while performing an active, functional task that involves movement and weight shift

Dynamic Postural Stability

Complex patterns involving rotational movements along the body axis to maintain balance

Equilibrium reactions

The use of movements of appropriate force, speed, and directional control needed when attempting a task

Calibration

Coordinated use of the eyes, hands, and muscles of the mouth and is largely volitional

Fine motor control

Used for managing large or heavy objects

Power grasps

What type of grasp is holding a cup, riding a bike?

Cylindrical grasp

What type of grasp is pulling a string?

Tip grasp

What type of grasp is pulling a door handle/holding a briefcase?

Hook/snap grasp

What type of grasp is holding chalk?

Palmar grasp

What type of grasp is holding a basketball?

Spherical

What type of grasp is holding a phone, key?

Lateral

Emerge only slightly later than power grasp, but continue to be refined through adolescence.

Precision grasp

What type of grasp happens at each age?

10 months

12-15 months

2-3 years

3-4 years

5-6 years

10 mon: Pincer grasp

12-15 mon: Palmer Supinate Grasp

2-3 years: Digital Pronate Grasp

3-4 years: Quadruped Grasp

5-6 years: Tripod Grasp

Palmar arches refine through what age?

6

The process of using one hand as a lead hand and the other as an assist hand simultaneously to manipulate objects

Bimanual coordination

Consistent choice of the same hand for complex skilled tasks and is believed to emerge as the cerebral hemispheres begin the process of lateralization

Established by what age?

Hand preference

4

One important outcome of successful preschool development is the acquisition of the specific skills needed to be successful in a school environment

School readiness

Using one hand to adjust an object for more effective object placement, or release

What are the three basic types?

In-hand manipulation

1. Translation

2. Shift movements

3. Rotation

The collections of conceptual and perceptual motor skills involved in drawing and writing

Graphomotor skllls

The belief in their personal power to change things

Self-efficacy

A social exchange that establishes a connection, such as between newborn and mother

Attunement play

Active rough-and-tumble activity and fine motor practice.

Activities related to whole-body and hand-eye-coordination

Physical (body) play

Those activities that incorporate objects. Also called constructive play.

Play with objects (object play)

All forms of pretend play including dressing up and role-playing

Ex. Playing house, dress up

Pretense/sociodramatic play (social play)

Emerges late in the preschool period, as children gain language skills. Supports the development of children’s abilities to express ideas, feelings, and experiences

Ex. Looking for pretend friend, playing with Legos to create a story

Symbolic (imaginative) play

The final form of play, emerge in a simple form in the preschool years and refine throughout life.

This is also the form of play involved in sports and organized group activities.

Ex. Tag

Games with rules

Emerges around 2 years of age when children are focused on an activity that they enjoy without including others in the play activity

Solitary play

When individuals engage in forms of social interaction, such as conversation about the play, without actually joining in the activity.

Ex. Explains the rules of the game to his friend (not playing)

Onlooker play

Children play separately from others but close to them and mimicking their actions

Parallel play

When children enjoy the company of other children but have little organization to their activity

Ex. Playing a ball game with peers

Associative play

When children are interested both in the people they are playing with, and in the activity they are doing, and can include any of the forms of play listed earlier except attunement play

Cooperative play