Marine Science Lab Midterm

Scientific theory

Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Scientific Fact, Scientific Theory

Dark dorsal and white ventral coloration what is this called on a shark? and what is it adapted for?

Countershading and open ocean

Inferior Mouth

bottom feeder

Subterminal Mouth

Bottom feeder

Terminal Mouth

Gets prey right in front

Superior Mouth

Gets prey it sees above

Rounded

Effective for acceleration and maneuvering, not for long distance swimming

Truncate

Effective for acceleration and maneuvering, not for long distance swimming

Emarginate

Effective for acceleration and maneuvering, not for long distance swimming

Forked

Generally efficient for most uses

Luncate

High speeds for long distances, but slow accelerations and poor maneuverability

Exhibits radial symmetry and includes jellyfish and sea anemones

Cnidaria

Unsegmented with soft bodies and includes snails, clams, and squids.

Mollusca

Segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton and includes crabs and shrimp

Arthropods

Exhibits pentamerous symmetry and includes sea stars and sea urchins

Echinodermata

Animal larger than a few mm, segmented, often with surface scales or bristles

Annelida

Ecological benefits of a salt marsh ecosystem

1. Habitat – provides food and shelter for many species of fish, invertebrates, and birds. Also, important nursery ground for fish, crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs), and other organisms.

2. Highly productive environment and acts as carbon sink – removes CO2 and sequesters carbon in plant tissue & sediment

3. Filters toxins and excess nutrients from land runoff, improving coastal water quality

4. Salt marsh absorbs wave energy and protects the coast from storm surge

What is the dominant plant observed in the salt marsh at Oaks Creek

Spartina alterniflora

3 invertebrates we caught

1. Shrimp

2. Box Jellyfish

3. Blue Crab

3 fish we caught

1. Flounder

2. Butterfly Ray

3. Gray Snapper

Linnaean classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Speices

Write “xeno quad” correctly

Xeno quad (first letter capitalized in first word then underlined)

Coriolis deflects objects to the _____ in the Northern Hemisphere

Right

Coriolis deflects objects to the _____ in the southern hemisphere

Left

Wind is the result of air moving from ____ to _____ pressure

High to low

2 conditions needed for hurricanes to form

1. Warm water

2. Coriolis

3 Parts of a hurricane

1. Eye

2. Eye Wall

3. Rain Bands

Hurricanes are ___ pressure systems

low

What direction do hurricanes rotate in the Northern Hemisphere

counter-clockwise

What is the term for hurricanes that form in the Western Pacific

Typhoons

Where are the strongest winds located (not quadrant but part of hurricane)

Eye wall

Wind coming from the south is south or north wind?

South wind

What is the worst side (quadrant) of a hurricane in terms of strongest winds and storm surge?

Right front quadrant

What is storm surge? and two factors that cause it?

Flow of ocean water onto land due to storm.

1. High winds

2. Low pressure

Beside storm surge, what are other hazards of hurricanes

Flooding, Strong winds, Tornados, Lightning, and Heavy rain

What was the deadliest natural disaster in the U.S. history

Galveston hurricane

When is hurricane season

June 1st-Novemeber 30th

1 inch

2.54 centimeters

1 cm

10 millimeters

1 meter

100cm or 1,000mm

1 kilometer

1,000m

1 pound

454 grams

1 kilogram

2.2 pounds or 1000g

In the northern hemisphere when a object is traveling north the object will be deflected to the?

East

In the northern hemisphere when a object is traveling south the object will be deflected to the?

West

In the southern hemisphere when a object is traveling north the object will be deflected to the?

West

In the southern hemisphere when a object is traveling south the object will be deflected to the?

East

Male blue crab

Narrow abdomen

Female Blue crab

Broad Abdomen

Benthos

Organisms living on or in the sea floor

Epiflora

Plants living on bottom

Epifauna

Animals living on bottom

Infauna

Burrowing animals

Nekton

Swimmers (can swim against current)

Pelagic

Swimming in open ocean (not near bottom)

Demersal

Can swim but prefer to lay on bottom

Niche

Role in ecosystem. A habitat with more niches will have more species

stripes (disruptive coloration)

Camouflage with vegetation and surface ripples or break up outline of animal

Mottled

Camouflage with rocks/bottom

Poster (brightly colored)

Warming coloration (poisonous or venomous) or advertise presence to rival or mates

Benefits of Bioluminescence

mating, attracting prey, scaring predators

Photophores

light organs

Bilateral

1 plane of symmetry divides into mirror-like halves (lobster)

Radial

Several planes of symmetry can be drawn to divide into mirror-like halves (jellyfish)

Pentamerous

Can be divided into 5 sections (sea stars)

Why do sharks have dermal denticles?

helps to reduce drag

Sea Ice

Frozen seawater, forms in oceans

Land Ice

glaciers, ice shelves (form on land, can break off into sea to form icebergs)

Effects of melting sea ice and land ice

1. Many animals depend on sea ice for survival

2. coastal flooding and erosion

3. increases ocean temperature, which then can raise sea level

Polar bonds

Water is a polar molecule with electrons unequally shared.

Hydrogen bonds

Form between water molecules as positive charges are attracted to negative charges

Freshwater density

1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³

Average salinity of seawater

35 ppt

Factors that affect salinity of a body of water

Increase in salinity can be caused by high evaporation, freezing of sea water, and tides. Factors that decrease are runoff from land, precipitation, and glacier or sea ice melting

Describe how salinity and temperature affect density. Which factor has a greater effect on density of seawater? Which factor has a greater effect on the density of the ocean?

1. As temperature decreases, density increases. colder water=denser water

2. saltier water=denser water. As salt increases, salinity increases.

3. Temperature has a greater effect on seawater and on the density of ocean

Describe surface currents

Surface currents are driven by the wind and transfers heat to poles

Describe deep currents (thermohaline circulation).

Driven by density and transfer oxygen to depths.

Rice trunk

water control box inside the park that can control the water levels between the marsh and the pond

Sea oaks

Tall, subtropical coastal grass that grows on the dunes

Refractometer

tool used to quickly measure salinity of a liquid when help up to light