4.4 Maritime Empires Established
Vocabulary (4.4)
trading post empires- maritime empires established primarily for commercial purposes, which european powers built fortified trading posts to control trade routes and access valuable goods
sakoku- the police which states no foreigner or japanese could enter or leave the country on penalty of death
dutch learning- efforts by japanese scholars to learn the dutch language to learn western technology
kongo- a former kingdom in the west-central africa
asante- a ethnic group native to the ashanti region of modern day ghana
viceroy- the governor of a country or a province who rules as the representative of a king or sovereign
mercantilism- a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices
atlantic system- the network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the atlantic basin
middle passage- the stage of the atlantic slave trade where millions of enslaved africans were transported
encomienda- a spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-christian people
after exploring, some countries will claim lands or begin colonizing for their empire
africa
- european trading posts set up on africa’s coasts
- starts with portugal, britain also sets up trading posts in west africa
- europe exchanged guns/cannons for slaves
- dahomey: strong kingdom that profit from this trade
- asante empire and kingdom of kongo also grow
- missionaries also had presence
- vasco de gama invades swahili city states
japan
- restricts its trade with the outside world to protect itself
- bans christian services, begins persecuting christians, kicking out foreigners, bans foreign books, bans travel abroad
- trade limited mostly with dutch and china
china
- zheng he’s voyages cancelled
- ming dynasty trying to restrict trade to protect china
- bans foreign trade, begins reconstructing great wall, reemphasizing confucianism and exam for scholar gentry
india
- britain, portugal, france fighting over india until britain kicked france out of india (seven years’ war)
- britain uses trading posts first on the coast (east india company)
- then bean to use religious rivalries (muslims vs hindus) to gain political control until britain controlled most of india (sepoys used)
americas
arrival of spanish forces led to extensive death (cortes w/ aztecs, pizarro w/ inca)
new spain: colony established in mexico, built mexico city on aztec ruins
spain begins conquering americas east of brazil, portugal gets brazil (treaty of tordesillas)
british and french move into north america
MAJOR RIVALRIES
Britian v. french (india, north america)
notable wars/treaties: seven years war, treaty of paris
spain v. portugal (americas)
notable wars/treaties: treaty of tordesillas
Economic/labor systems
indian ocean trade
portugal uses its military to take control of trade, makes strong trading posts around routes
other than that, little disruption as merchants were used to paying taxes and continued to use reliable routes
americas
spain creates the encomienda system (1500’s), which is basically the european feudal system applied to race/ethnicity in americas. extremely brutal. they don't find gold but they find lots of silver.
in peru they also use inca’s mita system to force men to work
PROBLEM: many indigenous begin to die of disease/harsh working conditions, or escape. this leads to the atlantic slave trade
africa
slavery existed in africa before the transatlantic slave trade: women used as domestic laborers, to showcase power. indian ocean slave trade also existed.
europe, however, needs more laborers for mines and cash crops (ex. gold and silver mines, sugar cash crop)
traded guns/gunpowder to kingdoms in exchange for slaves (usually taken from neighboring kingdoms)
slaves were sent to americas via middle passage
led to african diaspora (Outside of africa)
led to polygyn, also increased tension between societies (in africa)