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WHAP Unit 5: Revolutions

⭐THE ENLIGHTENMENT⭐

What is the Enlightenment? → EU intellectual movement that emphasized reason above religion and emphasized new ideas like natural rights and the Social Contract. These ideas challenged the social norms of Europe that led to revolutions like those of the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions, and had inspired reform movements, like those of women’s suffrage, abolition of slavery, and pressure to end serfdom.

I) Individualism: most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups

II) Natural Rights: individual humans re born w certain rights that cant be broken by govts or any other entity

III) Social Contract: humans societies, provided w natural rights, must construct govts of their own will to protect their natural rights

Enlightenment Philosophers:

  • John Locke - philosopher known for his advocacy of natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, and his belief in the Social Contract as a basis for government legitimacy

  • Adam Smith

  • de Montesquieu - advocated separation of govt powers

  • Voltaire - French Enlightenment writer known for his criticism of organized religion, advocacy for freedom of speech, and promotion of civil liberties

  • Rousseau - wrote “The Social Contract” where he argued abt having an = society

People were inspired by the reformers and revolutionaries all around the Atlantic Basin…

EFFECTS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT:

Causes of Revos:

I) Nationalism: A sense of commonality among ppl based on shared lang, religion, social customs, and a desire for territory (sense of unity of their ppl)

II) Political Dissent: widespread discontent w monarchist and imperial rule

III) New ways of thinking: → The Enlightenment!!

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, such as individual rights and the social contract, leading to a demand for independence from British rule.

The Seven Years War

expensive war for the Brits, so they placed taxes on goods and services to the colonies → colonists mad abt taxes and counteracted to parliament saying “no taxation w/o representation” → Brits tightened control over the colonies, to that, the Continental Congress was formed to resist Brit policies → tensions arose btwn Brits and colonies → led to American Revo

Declaration of Independence

  • inspired by Enlightenment ideas, justified the need for Indep in the colonies

  • The document articulated grievances against King George III, asserting the colonies' right to self-governance and laying the foundation for democratic principles that would influence future revolutions worldwide

Constitution of the United States

  • emphasized the rights of individuals

  • based federal govt on popular sovereignty

early American republic → served as inspo for later democratic movements around the world, showcasing the potential for governance based on the consent of the governed

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

More extreme than American Revo, had sought to reject existing society (ancien regime = old order), replace with new political, social, and cultural structures.

  • FR ppl hate King Louis XVI, he raised lots of taxes against the FR ppl

Napoleon, who was he? A military general who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and became Emperor of the French, implementing a series of reforms that transformed France's political landscape. He ovethrew the Directory, and established a new govt, the Consulate and had issued the Civil Code.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

  • influenced by Dec of Indp, proclaimed natural rights and popular sovereignty

    THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION

    Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, it sought to emancipate enslaved individuals and create an independent nation, making it the first successful slave revolt in history

    LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

Creoles resented the Peninsulares (where the peninsulares got most of the power). Napoleon invaded and conquered Portugal and SP, which weakened the political situation which gave way for Simon Bolivar led the movement for Indp in his Letter From Jamaica which appealed for popular sovereignty and right to self rule

⭐THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION⭐

Originated in G.B, the Industrial Revolution transformed production methods, transitioning from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing, which significantly increased efficiency and economic output. This revo was the change from agri econs transitioned to industrial econs, or where things by hand were now made by machines.

Factors of G.B’S Ind:

  • proximity to waterways

  • geographical distribution of coal and iron

  • abundant access to foreign resources

  • improved agri productivity

  • rapid urbanization

  • legal protection of private property

  • accumulation of capital

The Steam Engine: machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

Ind in FR

  • Napoleon helped jumpstart Ind in FR

  • after Napoleons rule, FR began to adopt Ind tech, but was way slower than G.B’s, bc FR lacked coal and iron resources

Ind in U.S

  • perf for Ind because…

    • massive territory

    • political stability

    • rapid pop. growth

Ind in RU

  • czar adopted steam engines and railways, state driven Ind

Ind In JP

  • Meiji Restoration

Reactions to Industrial Revo:

Calls for reform

I) Political reform

II) Social reform

III) Edu reform

IIII) Urban reforms

rise of labor unions - collective of workers who going tg in order to protect their own interests, like higher wages, limited working hrs, improved working conds

the Anti - Slavery Movement: push for the movement was helped by the Enlightenment being the concept of basic human =, another was Christian beliefs abt morality of slavery

    Britain abolishes slavery in 1787, when a the British Abolition Society pressured govts to stop the     slave trade and end slavery.

Scientific Socialism

Karl Marx → co-author of "The Communist Manifesto," which critiqued capitalism and advocated for the proletariat's overthrow of the bourgeoisie to establish a classless society

China Attempts to Ind

Brits made more goods to attract CN buyers, one being opium which they extracted from Brit controlled IN which affected the Chinese terribly, CN tried to get out of opium trade ← Opium Wars. Brit won and forced CN to sign unequal treaties that’ll open up Chinese trading ports. To help stop the western powers taking advantage of CN, they formed the Self Strengthening Movement which took steps to Ind and to renew culture

Ottoman Emp tries to Reform

Like China, the Ottoman Emp was also behind in Ind, and issued the Tanzimat Reforms, which included building textile factories, implemented Western style law codes and courts, expansive edu systems

Society and the Industrial Age

New Social Classes:

I) Ind Working Class: factory workers and miners

II) Middle Class: benefitted most from Ind, were factory owners, doctors, teachers, etc

III) Industrialists

Women and Ind

I) Working Class Women

II) middle class women: weren’t working, domestic

Ind Problems:

  • pollution

  • housing shortages

  • increased crime

okay so basically…

EFFECTS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT:

POLITICAL → Popular Sovereignty: idea that ppl should have the power go govern themselves

                        Global influence of Enlightenment values: ppl inspired by the revos around the Atlantic                                                                                             Basin

                        FR Revo: Enlightenment ideas led to over throw of monarchy and established republic                                         inspired by the U.S

CAUSES OF REVOLUTIONS:

AMERICAN REVO → taxation on colonists after 7 yrs war: 7 yrs war way very expensive for the Brits, so they implememented taxes on goods and services to the colonies

                                     Forming of Continential Congress → colonists resisted to Brit policies

LATIN REVO → Hildalgo: started peasant rebellions, brought numerous ppl tg against colonial rule