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AP WORLD: Americas

Americas: 

Mexica/Aztecs:

  • Societies in the Americas and how they developed over time

  • Mexica migrated from the north to Lake Texcoco c. 1325

  • Mexica was one of many different societies rising during this time

  • Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) was founded on the lake

  • Considered the “Venice of the Americas”

    • City was connected by canals, causeways, and bridges

  • Fresh water supplied by terracotta aqueducts


  • Mexica Government:

    • City-states ruled by a speaker chosen from the nobility; the Great Speaker ruled the empire

    • Largely centralized (recognized Tenochtitlan is the most powerful city in the region)

      • Theocracy was centralized

    • To avoid being conquered, the people would pay tribute, surrender lands, and perform military service

    • Autonomy: self-governance/self-rule

  • Mexica religion

    • Polytheistic society

      • Temples and pyramids were constructed to honor major deities

      • Rulers embodied gods on earth

        • Seen as divine

      • Human blood was thought to be necessary to please the gods

        • Human sacrifice was common

  • Mexica Economy

    • Built chinampas to increase the amount of land available for agriculture

      • “Floating islands”

      • Bring in lots of soil, dirt, and mud, and then pile it up.

      • Maize, beans, and squash

    • Merchant class specialized in long-distance luxury trade

    • Bartering was most common

      • Cacao beans, gold dust, and cotton were also sometimes used as currency

  • Mexica Society

    • Nobility controlled military, and priesthood; operated schools

    • POWs (Prisoners of war) enslaved, sacrificed

    • Women were primarily in the house

      • Polygamy was believed to exist among nobility

        • Men could have more than one wife

    • Women were healers, they could be a part of the merchant class, and inherit property


Incas:

  • Founded by Quechua-speaking clans

    • Specifically upper-class or ayllus

    • Livin near Cuzco c. 1350

  • Inca (ruler) Pachacuti expanded the empire from 1438-1471

    • Built Machu Picchu

  • Split inheritance - the process where a ruler’s predecessor 

    • expansion continued after Pachacuti’s death through practice of split inheritance

  • Economy:

    • Primarily agricultural

      • Focus on producing food, managing land

      • Terrace farming and complex irrigation

    • Unlike Aztec, most of society must participate in agriculture

      • Very little internal commerce, had no merchant class

    • Government oversaw production, distribution of essential goods

      • Strong government that had to distribute any goods that are needed

      • Food, clothing, tools, raw materials

      • Similar to modern-day socialism

  • Politics:

    • Head of Inca was considered almost a god

    • Inca society ran off of theocracy

    • Divided empire into four provinces, run by a bureaucracy of nobles

    • Inca allowed self-rule to conquered peoples as long as they remained loyal

    • Colonized, relocated conquered people

      • Those who did not pay tribute, but served as coerced labor for massive projects

      • Mit’a (turn/rotation)

        • Rotational draft system where a certain number of people are asked to perform work for a period of time and then switched out with another group of people

  • Religion

    • Polytheistic

      • Inti - the sun god

      • Temple built in honor of Inti in Cuzco

        • Important religious, political, and economic place

        • This led to a concentration of power in the capital

      • Human sacrifices did occur

        • Similar to Aztecs but with less magnitude

      • Women were allowed to hold roles of power

    • Influenced by animism

      • The belief that spirits embody living and non-living things

      • Mountains, rivers, lakes, etc. considered huacas

  • Society:

    • Interactions between classes are not permitted

      • Social mobility is possible through marriage, but otherwise permanent

      • Polygamy among nobility

        • Men could have more than one wife

    • Craftspeople are tax-exempt, paid by government

    • Women played a critical role in the household

      • Wove cloth, farmed, cared for household

      • Worshipped fertility deities

    • Society recognized parallel descent

      • Unique practice of passing property and belongings down to offspring

      • Men would passed down their belongings to their sons and mothers would pass down to their daughters

  • Technology:

    • Built a complex system of roads, bridges

      • 20,000-25,000 miles of roads

      • Used a system of runners to carry messages throughout the empire

    • Pottery

    • Cloth

    • Quipu

      • Number system used like an early calculator

      • Depending on the different number of knots tied on the string

    • Masonry

    • Metalwork

QL

AP WORLD: Americas

Americas: 

Mexica/Aztecs:

  • Societies in the Americas and how they developed over time

  • Mexica migrated from the north to Lake Texcoco c. 1325

  • Mexica was one of many different societies rising during this time

  • Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) was founded on the lake

  • Considered the “Venice of the Americas”

    • City was connected by canals, causeways, and bridges

  • Fresh water supplied by terracotta aqueducts


  • Mexica Government:

    • City-states ruled by a speaker chosen from the nobility; the Great Speaker ruled the empire

    • Largely centralized (recognized Tenochtitlan is the most powerful city in the region)

      • Theocracy was centralized

    • To avoid being conquered, the people would pay tribute, surrender lands, and perform military service

    • Autonomy: self-governance/self-rule

  • Mexica religion

    • Polytheistic society

      • Temples and pyramids were constructed to honor major deities

      • Rulers embodied gods on earth

        • Seen as divine

      • Human blood was thought to be necessary to please the gods

        • Human sacrifice was common

  • Mexica Economy

    • Built chinampas to increase the amount of land available for agriculture

      • “Floating islands”

      • Bring in lots of soil, dirt, and mud, and then pile it up.

      • Maize, beans, and squash

    • Merchant class specialized in long-distance luxury trade

    • Bartering was most common

      • Cacao beans, gold dust, and cotton were also sometimes used as currency

  • Mexica Society

    • Nobility controlled military, and priesthood; operated schools

    • POWs (Prisoners of war) enslaved, sacrificed

    • Women were primarily in the house

      • Polygamy was believed to exist among nobility

        • Men could have more than one wife

    • Women were healers, they could be a part of the merchant class, and inherit property


Incas:

  • Founded by Quechua-speaking clans

    • Specifically upper-class or ayllus

    • Livin near Cuzco c. 1350

  • Inca (ruler) Pachacuti expanded the empire from 1438-1471

    • Built Machu Picchu

  • Split inheritance - the process where a ruler’s predecessor 

    • expansion continued after Pachacuti’s death through practice of split inheritance

  • Economy:

    • Primarily agricultural

      • Focus on producing food, managing land

      • Terrace farming and complex irrigation

    • Unlike Aztec, most of society must participate in agriculture

      • Very little internal commerce, had no merchant class

    • Government oversaw production, distribution of essential goods

      • Strong government that had to distribute any goods that are needed

      • Food, clothing, tools, raw materials

      • Similar to modern-day socialism

  • Politics:

    • Head of Inca was considered almost a god

    • Inca society ran off of theocracy

    • Divided empire into four provinces, run by a bureaucracy of nobles

    • Inca allowed self-rule to conquered peoples as long as they remained loyal

    • Colonized, relocated conquered people

      • Those who did not pay tribute, but served as coerced labor for massive projects

      • Mit’a (turn/rotation)

        • Rotational draft system where a certain number of people are asked to perform work for a period of time and then switched out with another group of people

  • Religion

    • Polytheistic

      • Inti - the sun god

      • Temple built in honor of Inti in Cuzco

        • Important religious, political, and economic place

        • This led to a concentration of power in the capital

      • Human sacrifices did occur

        • Similar to Aztecs but with less magnitude

      • Women were allowed to hold roles of power

    • Influenced by animism

      • The belief that spirits embody living and non-living things

      • Mountains, rivers, lakes, etc. considered huacas

  • Society:

    • Interactions between classes are not permitted

      • Social mobility is possible through marriage, but otherwise permanent

      • Polygamy among nobility

        • Men could have more than one wife

    • Craftspeople are tax-exempt, paid by government

    • Women played a critical role in the household

      • Wove cloth, farmed, cared for household

      • Worshipped fertility deities

    • Society recognized parallel descent

      • Unique practice of passing property and belongings down to offspring

      • Men would passed down their belongings to their sons and mothers would pass down to their daughters

  • Technology:

    • Built a complex system of roads, bridges

      • 20,000-25,000 miles of roads

      • Used a system of runners to carry messages throughout the empire

    • Pottery

    • Cloth

    • Quipu

      • Number system used like an early calculator

      • Depending on the different number of knots tied on the string

    • Masonry

    • Metalwork