Period 1 🏞: The New World (1492-1607) 

Heimler’s History Link / Period 1 Terms Quizlet / Period 1 Must Knows

People to Know:

• Christopher Columbus - sailed the ocean blue in 1492, sent by Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, led to search for gold in Americas and started enslavement of natives

• Hernan Cortes - conquests of Aztecs in Mexico

• Francisco Pizarro - conquests of the Incas in Peru

• Juan Gines de Sepulveda - argued that Natives were less than human (Encomienda was just), was a missionary, valued conversion of Natives to Catholicism

• Bartolomé de las Casas - also wanted conversion of natives but disagreed with current methods, fought for better treatment of Natives

Events:

• Pre-Contact Civilizations

  • Mayas: Mexico; Maize

  • Aztecs: Mexico; Maize

  • Incas: Chile; Potatoes

• Iroquois Confederacy: 5 Native tribes near the Great Lakes; assumed military roles against Europeans

• Reasons for Exploration:

  • Technology: ship improvements, compass, printing press

  • 3 G’s: gold, glory, God

    • Gold - mercantilism

    • Glory - status and power

    • God - protestant revolution

  • New sea route to Asia

• Spain and Portugal - conflicts over colonization

  • Treaty of Tordesillas: Pope determines Line of Demarcation

• St. Augustine - first permanent settlement

• Roanoke - Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to settle in 1587 -> disappears

• 1492 - Columbus arrived in America; funded by the newly united Spain

• Columbian Exchange:

  • Old to New

    • SMALLPOX AND MALARIA

    • Sugar Cane, Carrots, Apples

    • Horses, Chickens, Cows

  • New to Old:

    • TOBACCO AND POTATOES

    • Syphilis

    • Turkeys and Llamas

  • Middle Passage - Slaves from Africa to the Americas

  • Effects of Columbian Exchange:

    • Europe: new crops, population boom, capitalism, white superiority

    • Americas: Great Dying, horses revolutionize buffalo hunting, resistance to cultural change

• Labor

  • Encomienda System: Native Slavery

  • Asiento System: early African Slavery (due to Native resistance and the Great Dying)

• Casta System: Spainiards at the top, Natives and Africans at the bottom

  • 

• Valladolid Debate: debates between Las Casas (for better treatment of Natives) and Sepulveda (agreed with current harsh treatment of Natives) about the role of Native Americans in Spanish colonies

• Pueblo Revolt: Natives fought back against colonization; led by Popé, spanish came back 10 years later

• French v. British Policy with Natives:

  • French: search for fur and catholic conversion; alliances and good relationships, fewer in number, posed less of a threat, intermarried with natives

  • British: settled in families; disregarded Native traditions; forced tribes to move West, came as families, no need for intermarriage.

Period 2 ⛪: Colonization (1607-1754) 

Heimler’s History Link / Period 2 Terms Quizlet / Period 2 Must Knows / Connecting Period 2 to 1

People to Know:

• John Smith - Leader of the Jamestown colony in Virginia; due to his leadership the colony survived

• John Rolfe & Pocahontas - enabled the British settlers to use the crop of Tobacco, which saved the colony by bringing in profits

• John Winthrop - Puritan leader who declared his Massachusetts Bay colony would be a “city upon a hill”

• Roger Williams - banished from Massachusetts Bay for questioning church authority; suggested a separation from church and state and that there should be better treatment of natives

• Anne Hutchinson - Anti-Nominist who was banished from Massachusetts Bay and helped to found Rhode Island

• Metacom (King Phillip) - leader of the native rebellion known as King Philip's War which led to the end of Native American resistance in New England

• Jonathan Edwards - preacher who focused on the wrath of God and invoked fear and demanded repentance; preached in New England

• George Whitefield - uplifting messages which focused on building a relationship with God; traveled through the colonies

• John Peter Zenger - openly criticized the royal governor in a newspaper article  which the court concluded that he had the right to do; set an early precedent for freedom of the press

Events:

• Spanish Settlements:

  • Developed slowly

  • Florida: Poncé de Leon - St. Augustine in 1565

• French Settlements:

  • Few colonists, mostly men

  • Catholic missionaries and fur traders

  • Intermarried with natives: made for better trade relationships

  • Quebec: first settlement

  • New Orleans: prosperous trade center

• Dutch Settlements:

  • Henry Hudson tried to find route to Asia (northwest passage)

  • New Amsterdam turned into New York (english)

  • Similar to french, trade but not as many intermarriages

• British Settlements:

  • Many poor, landless families seeking new opportunities

  • Economic opportunity and religious freedom

  • Claimed land for farming

  • Migrated as families

  • Founded by joint-stock companies

• The Colonies:

  • Corporate colonies - run by joint stock companies: Jamestown

  • Royal colonies - under authority of the king

  • Proprietary colonies - owned by individuals: Pennsylvania or Maryland

  • Jamestown Jamestown Must Knows Middle Colonies Must Knows

    • In a swamp (little water; “starving time” (almost roanoked)

    • John Smith - kept colony from collapsing and encouraged settlement

    • John Rolfe - married Pocahontas - tobacco farming (cash crop/brown gold)

    • 1619:

      • First slaves arrive

      • Virginia House of Burgesses is established (first representative self-government in the colonies)

  • Maryland

    • Economy - manufacturing, shipbuilding, iron

    • Religion - separation of church and state

      • Act of Toleration - guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians

  • New England New England Must Knows

    • Included present day NH, MA, RI, and CN

    • Many towns; settlers wanted to build permanent communities rather than simply wealth

    • Intolerant - banished dissidents

  • Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

    • Many settlers were indentured servants seeking economic opportunity

    • Plymouth:

      • Mayflower (1620); received help from Natives when settling

    • Massachusetts Bay:

      • Primarily Puritans (believed anglican church should be reformed)

      • John Winthrop - founded Boston; “city upon a hill”

      • Great Migration - term used to describe the Puritans fleeing England

  • Rhode Island

    • Roger Williams: puritan leader who fled MA after his extreme religious views (suggested separation of church and state and better treatment of natives); founded Providence

    • Anne Hutchinson: believed individuals could have a direct relationship with God (Antinomianism); banished to RI

  • New York

    • Conquered dutch lands given to the Duke of York

    • Opposed representative assemblies

    • NJ: separated from NY and became a royal colony

  • Pennsylvania

    • Quakers (religiously tolerant and pacifists (opposed miliary and slavery)

    • Founded by William Penn

    • Bread basket colony (agriculturally diverse; grew many grains)

    • Delaware: founded from 3 small colonies in PA

  • Restoration Colonies Southern Colonies Must Knows

    • SC: large rice plantations; heavily reliant on slaves

    • NC: developed by farmers from VA and New England who established small tobacco farms (fewer plantations and slaves)

  • Georgia

    • 1732; charter colony under James Oglethorpe

    • Made up of banned prisoners; relieved overcrowding from British jails

    • Defensive colony from Spanish Florida

  • Early political institutions Colonial Self-Govt Must Knows

    • House of Burgesses - 1st representative assembly in America

    • Mayflower Compact - agreement for self-government by Pilgrims

    • Colonial Democracy - democracy for white, land-owning males

• Colonial Economy (as a whole) Colonial Economy Must Knows

  • Triangle Trade

    • Merchant ships connecting americas, africa, and europe

    • Middle passage - brutal slave transport from africa to the americas

  • Mercantilism

    • Export more than you import!

      • Colonies -> europe: raw materials

      • Europe -> colonies: manufactured goods

  • Navigation Acts

    • Trade laws administered by Great Britain (GB) to enforce mercantilism on american colonies

      • Trade on english ships with english crews

      • All ships must pass through english ports

      • Certain goods can only go to england

  • Salutary neglect - unofficial practice of British crown avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws

• Conflicts Native Conflicts Must Knows / Colonial Rebellions Must Knows

  • New England Confederation - military alliance between Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven (settled boundary disputes, runaway servants, and conflicts with Natives)

  • King Philip's War 

    • series of battles in New England between the colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip); ended Native American resistance in New England

  • Bacon’s rebellion (1676)

    • Causes: lack of land among poor whites; Gov. Berkeley didn’t protect farmers from attacks by Natives

    • Effects: resentments between the poor and wealthy; plantation owners turned to slaves over indentured servants

• Labor 

  • Indentured Servants

    • Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors who worked for another for 7-11 years

  • Headright System

    • Used in VA to attract colonists

    • Gave 50 acres of land for each servant colonists brought across the atlantic, allowing the wealthy to acquire large land plots

  • African Slaves

    • VA passed laws to keep Africans enslaved

      • Chattel: “property” whose children would inherit “property” status

• Slavery

  • Increased demand for slaves

    • Reduced migration - less workers due to higher wages in England

    • Dependable workforce - fear regarding indentured servants following Bacon’s rebellion

    • Cheap Labor - plantation crops require many laborers

  • Slave revolts

    • Stono Rebellion (1739) - slave uprising in SC

    • NY conspiracy

    • Led to stricter slave codes

  • Slave Codes

    • Limited slaves’ rights

    • Harsh physical punishments

    • Slaves couldn’t own weapons, have an education, testify in court, or meet up with other africans

    • More slaves led to higher/more intense codes

• Colonial Society and Culture

  • Population growth: doubled every 25 years due to increased fertility, longer life expectancies, and increased immigration

  • Africans: largest non-english group; northern africans had better conditions (some earned wages)

  • Native Americans: colonists pushed natives off their land; positive relationship with colonists in PA due to Quakers’ peace treaties

  • Southern Society

    • Plantation owners -> small farmers -> landless whites -> indentured servants -> slaves

  • Family - men held power, women stayed at home and worked with kids (cult of domesticity)

• Individual Colonies’ Economies

  • NE: small farms, shipbuilding, logging, fishing, trade

  • Middle: wheat, corn, family farms, small manufacturing

  • South: small subsistence farmers, large plantations, cash crops

  • Monetary System - paper

  • Transport: deficient over land, sea ports in NE

• First Great Awakening First Great Awakening Must Knows

  • Expression of religious beliefs

  • Jonathan Edwards - only those who repent will be saved; sinners in the hands of an angry god

  • George Whitefield - ministers were unnecessary, ordinary people could understand the Gospels

  • Impact:

    • Separation of church and state

    • Democratization of religion

    • Colonists started questioning authority

• Education

  • NE: common

  • Middle: private/church school

  • South: limited (wealthy)

  • Higher Education: Harvard (1639) and Liberal Arts schools in PA (1765)

• Zenger Trial

  • 40 colonial newspapers (can’t criticize the government)

  • 1735: John Peter Zenger criticized NY’s royal governor; trial determined that it should not be illegal to print the truth

Period 3 ⚔: The Revolutionary Era (1754-1800)

Heimler’s History Link / Period 3 Terms Quizlet / Period 3 Must Knows 1 / Period 3 Must Knows 2 

People to Know:

• George Washington - leader in the french and indian war, leader of the American revolution and first president. Warned against a split political system and foreign involvement in his farewell address. Set the two-term precedent. 

• Benjamin Franklin - Albany plan of union snake cartoon 

• Patrick Henry - “give me liberty or give me death!”; champion of states’ rights; wanted to convince the Virginia house of delegates to fight for independence; argued for a bill of rights to be added to the constitution for ratification

• Samuel Adams - Often called the "Penman of the Revolution"; he was a master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion

• John Locke - English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people

• Thomas Paine - wrote Common sense, which had a massive impact on the american revolution

• John Adams - second president of the United States and a Federalist; He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts; Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair

• John Jay - played an important role in the establishment of the new government under the Constitution; One of the authors of The Federalist Papers, he was involved in the drafting of the Constitution; He was also the first chief justice of the Supreme Court

• Thomas Jefferson - favored limited central government; He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence

• Paul Revere - alerted the colonists that the British were coming before Lexington and Concord by taking a midnight horse ride to spread the word and to prepare colonists

• William Dawes - A leader of the Sons of Liberty who rode with Paul Revere to Lexington to warn them that the British were coming. Minutemen

• Abigail Adams - Wife of the second president of the United States, John Adams; was a committed women's rights activist who encouraged the Continental Congress to “remember the ladies” as they drafted a new constitution

• James Madison - “father of the constitution;” written at the constitutional convention

• Alexander Hamilton - federalist; promoter of the Constitution, founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the first American political party

• Eli Whitney - inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts 

Events:

• French and Indian War (7 Years War)

  • New France: grew very slowly; many French protestants; Hueguenots not given refuge

  • Causes

    • France and England competing over New World

    • British felt French were keeping them from moving west

    • Fighting over the Ohio River Valley

  • Albany Plan

    • Ben Franklin proposes unified colonial government to provide defense for 7y War (rejected idea)

  • End of the War

    • British Victory

    • Treaty of Paris (1763): territory of New France and Florida go to GB

    • GB left in massive debt

  • Effects 

    • Destroyed relationship between GB and the colonies

    • England is the dominant naval power

    • Confidence boost for colonists; growing resentment against GB

• PEEP (1763)

  • Pontiac’s rebellion: british seek more peaceful relations with Natives

  • End of 7y War: massive british debt

  • End of salutary neglect: british want control on colonial economy and taxes

  • Proclamation of 1763

    • Line prohibited colonists from passing the Appalachian mountains

    • GB hoped it would maintain peaceful existence between colonies and mother country, but it only made colonists view the crown as taking control

• “No Taxation Without Representation”

  • Colonists were angered the couldn’t directly elect representatives to parliament so they had no way to influence british policy

  • Sugar Act - duties on sugar and molasses; designed to raise money for defense of the colonies; first tax (indirect: hurt merchants, and started war on smugglers)

  • Quartering Act - british soldiers could stay in public buildings (like taverns); colonists didn’t want to pay for soldier’s housing and food

  • Stamp Act - taxed legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc.; first direct tax

    • Response: boycotting, stamp act congress, sons of liberty

  • Sons of Liberty

    • Group of active patriots throughout the colonies, especially in Boston

    • Intimidated tax collectors and established boycotts

  • Daughters of liberty

    • Women patriots

    • Homespun movement - made their own clothing and tea to boycott british goods

  • Townshend Acts: new duties on british luxuries, especially tea; authorized the search of private homes with a writ of assistance

• Boston Massacre (1770)

  • Confrontation between the redcoats and angry colonists

  • 5 killed - Crispus Attucks

  • 1st time british troops fired on colonists

• Renewal of Conflict

  • Committees of Correspondence: communication network of patriot leaders through the 13 colonies

  • Boston Tea Party (1773) - caused the intolerable acts

• The Intolerable Acts

  • Boston port bill - closed boston harbor

  • 2nd quartering act - allowed quartering of british troops in private properties

  • Other acts: administration of justice act, quebec act, etc.

• Enlightenment

  • Rationalism - belief that human reason is the most important tool in understanding the world

  • Social contract theory - government derives power from the consent of the governed, rejects the divine right of monarchs

  • Common Sense - Thomas Paine

    • Argued for the colonies independence from the crown (only option)

    • It’s against common sense for a small island to control a large country far away

    • republican government run by elected representatives

• The American Revolution

  • First continental congress

    • Only radicals discussed independence

    • The association - called for non-importation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption of british goods

  • Lexington and Concord

    • First clashes between british troops and colonial militia

    • “Shot heard ‘round the world”

    • British tactical victory, american moral victory

  • Second continental congress

    • Created the continental army

    • Olive branch petition: declared loyalty to the crown and asked for the protection of the colonists’ rights

      • King responded with the prohibitory act - state of rebellion

  • Declaration of Independence

    • Laid out 27 colonial complaints

    • Appealed directly to the king

    • Fought for “unalienable rights”

  • Strengths

• Major events

  • Winter at Valley Forge

    • Severe winter

    • Bitter cold, disease, and lack of food killed 2500 men

    • Established George Washington as a leader

  • Battle of Saratoga

    • The turning point

    • Proved america could win

    • Brought France into the war

  • Yorktown

    • Last major battle of the war

    • France’s navy was crucial to trapping the british

    • Patriot victory

• Treaty of Paris (1783)

  • GB recognizes US independence

  • Mississippi river is the western US border

• Revolutionary influence on society

  • Women

    • Daughters of liberty: boycotts and provided supplies to soldiers

    • Some worked as cooks or nurses

    • Maintained the economy while men were in the war

    • Republican Motherhood: women should educate their sons and teach them to become productive citizens; Abigail Adams - “remember the ladies”

  • Enslaved Africans

    • “All men were created equal” did not apply to African americans

    • Cotton gin increased american dependence on slavery despite embracing republicanism

  • Native Americans

    • Generally supported the british in the war

    • No significant movement to treat natives as equals in america

  • International impacts

    • Inspired french revolution (overthrowing of the king)

    • Inspired the haitian revolution (rebellion against french rule; most successful slave revolt in history)

• Articles of Confederation

  • Written by 2nd continental congress during the war

  • Established a weak central government with one branch of government

  • Every state had one vote in congress

  • No executive or federal courts

  • The passing of amendments needed to be unanimous

  • Congress could wage war, make treaties, send representatives, and borrow money

  • Congress could not regulate trade, collect taxes, enforce the law, or raise money for the military

• States under the articles of confederation

  • Each state had their own constitution with a declaration of rights

  • Each state had a three-branch government

• Accomplishments of the articles

  • Winning independence

  • Land ordinance of 1785 -  sell western lands, required schools, money would pay war debt

  • Northwest ordinance of 1787 - defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the union

    • 60,000 citizens to apply for statehood, no slavery

• Weaknesses of the articles

  • Foreign affairs - couldn’t enforce the treaty of paris

  • Economics - no power to tax

  • Internal conflicts - states placed tariffs on each other; boundary disputes

  • Shays rebellion - massachusetts farmers revolt (many in debt)

    • Illustrated the lack of national army

• Constitutional Convention

  • Annapolis convention - meeting of delegates that determined the constitutional convention was necessary

  • Constitutional convention

    • Some wanted to revise the articles, some wanted a completely new government

    • Delegates were white, land-owning, well-educated men

      • James Madison - father of the constitution

  • Key issues at the convention

    • National government power - avoid giving too much power to one branch, the delegates added a separation of powers and checks and balances

    • Representation - virginia plan (favored large states) and new jersey plan (favored small states); agreed on the “great compromise”

    • The presidency - feared an unchecked leader - created the electoral college and 4-year terms

    • Slavery - 3/5ths compromise: each slave counted as 3/5ths of a person for the purpose of population; banned the importation of slaves after 1808

  • Debates over ratification

    • Federalist papers - federalists supported the constitution the way it was so Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote a series of essays arguing for their ratification

    • Finally achieved ratification once the federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights

• The Constitution

  • Federalism - divided the powers between the federal government and state governments (federal government covers issues that regard to the whole nation; other matters were reserved to the states (10th amendment))

  • Separation of powers

    • Legislative branch - congress makes laws, passes taxes, and allocates spending

    • Executive branch - president carries out laws and federal programs

    • Judicial branch - courts that interpret the law

  • Checks and balances

    • Each branch can limit the power of other branches

  • The Bill of Rights

    • First 10 amendments of the constitution

    • Originally only protected against actions by the federal government, but have been applied to state governments over time

    • 1st amendment - freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and to petition the government

• Shaping the New Government

  • Washington for president

    • John Adams as VP

    • Sets precedents - becomes traditions for american government

      • Judiciary Act of 1789 - organizes the court system

      • Established a cabinet

        • Sec. of State - Thomas Jefferson

        • Sec. of War - Henry Knox

        • Sec. of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton

  • Hamilton’s Financial Plan

    • Pay off national debt and states war debts

    • Protect nation’s industries with high tariff

    • Create a national bank for depositing government funds and printing money

    • Controversy:

      • Jefferson v. Hamilton

      • Strict v. loose interpretation of the constitution

• Foreign Affairs

  • Many americans wanted to support france in the french revolution

    • Washington issues a proclamation of neutrality - Jefferson resigns

  • Jay’s treaty - the british agreeing to evacuate their posts in the new country but did nothing to end impressment

  • Pinckney’s treaty - spain allows US to trade on the Mississippi river and at New Orleans

• Domestic Concerns

  • Americans move west, and Native Americans form the Northwest Confederacy; GB supports Natives by giving them weapons; US attacks and defeats the NW confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

  • Treaty of Greenville - Natives surrender claims to the Ohio River valley

  • Whiskey Rebellion - southwest pennsylvania opposed Hamilton’s high tax; Washington sends in troops to end the rebellion; illustrates supremacy of the federal government

• First Political Parties

  • Federalist - support Hamilton, strong central government, neutrality

  • Democratic-Republican - support Jefferson, small central government, wanted to aid France

• Washington’s Farewell

  • Warned to stay out of european affairs, do not make permanent alliances, no political parties

• John Adams’s Presidency

  • XYZ Affair - John Marshall and other diplomats; “millions for defense, but not a sixpence for tribute!”

  • Alien and Sedition Acts - deportation of dangerous enemy aliens; imprisonment and fines for seditious speech; anti-democratic-republicans

  • Virginia and Kentucky resolutions - determined Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional

• National Identity

  • Society/religion changes

    • Constitution abolished titles of nobility

    • Separation of church and state

    • States continued to develop their own government, religious and economic beliefs, sectionalism

  • Political changes

    • Development of political parties  (Federalists/Democratic-Republicans) added to the American identity of the 1700s

• Movement in the Early Republic

  • Migration and Natives

    • As territories in the NW grew, Natives were forced off their lands

    • Indian Intercourse Act: made the national government, not the states, in charge of all legal actions with Native Americans

  • Population increases

    • Europeans continued to migrate to the US

    • Enslaved Africans continued to be brought to the country

    • Food supply and desire to have big families - a large natural birth rate

  • Slavery

    • Despite the late 1700s, some began openly opposing slavery in larger numbers, especially among the quakers and other christians

    • Some enslaved people escaped to free states

      • Constitution required escaped slaves to be returned

    • Most slavery remained in southern plantations

Period 4 🦅: The New Nation (1800-1848) 

Heimler’s History Link / Period 4 Terms Quizlet / Period 4 Must Knows 1 / Period 4 Must Knows 2 / Connecting Period 4 to 3

People to Know: 

• Thomas Jefferson - authored declaration of independence at 2nd continental congress (1775), first secretary of state, leader of democratic republicans, elected into office as third president of the U.S in 1800 (this election was considered the revolution of 1800 i think because it was the first peaceful transition of power between political parties)

• Aaron Burr - (you punched the bursar?) page 169 of amsco

• John Marshall - FEDERALIST judge. Had exerted a strong influence on Supreme court as Washington had exerted on the presidency

• James Monroe - elected in 1816 (right after james madison); “era of good feelings” is used to describe his two terms in office. Federalists faded into oblivion 

• Henry Clay - created the “American System” (comprehensive method for advancing the nation’s economic growth). 

1. Protective tariffs

2. national bank

3. internal improvements

• John C. Calhoun - Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he became an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

• Tecumseh - A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811

• William Henry Harrison - literally in office for one month and then kicked the bucket like a LOSER

• James Madison -  fourth president of the U.S, president that unlike jefferson, consented to war of 1812

• Andrew Jackson - The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers

• Francis Scott Key - wrote the national anthem

• Robert Fulton - creation of steamboat 

• Samuel Slater - slater the traitor; brought over factory plans from the Brits

• John Quincy Adams - Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work; corrupt bargain

• Ralph Waldo Emerson - American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement

• Henry David Thoreau - second great awakening; “Civil Disobedience”

• Brigham Young - mormon leader; took everyone to Utah

• Dorthea Dix - one of the antebellum reforms (asylum and prison); tried to improve conditions of the mentally ill

• Susan B. Anthony - An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Woman's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869

• Frederick Douglass - An African-American social reformer, writer and statesmen. He escaped from slavery and became a leader of an abolitionist movement and became the most famous black abolitionist

• Harriet Tubman - a conductor who helped slaves escape. She was African-American and helped over 300 slaves to freedom, and also became a very outspoken advocate for women's rights

• William Lloyd Garrison- newspaper The Liberator, scariest abolitionist to southerners, called for immediate emancipation

• Nat Turner - lead nat turner’s rebellion, lead to harsher slave codes 

• Lucretia Mott - A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton - A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848

• Horace Mann - education part of antebellum reforms; wanted to make public education a requirement for all students

Events:

• Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson

  • Democratic Republicans - strict interpretation of the constitution, believed nation’s economy should be based on agriculture and farming, supported france in fr revolution and thought state govts should be more powerful than fed; thought hamilton’s national bank was unconstitutional

  • Federalists - stood for stronger national government and leaned towards GB in european affairs

  • Revolution of 1800

    • John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson

    • Highlighted the regional problem of political parties

    • Democratic republicans now control both the presidency and congress

    • Lame-duck federalist congress passed the judiciary act of 1801 to try to keep some political power

      • Led to the appointment of “midnight judges”

• Jefferson Administration

  • Maintained: Hamilton’s national bank and debt repayment plan; washington’s neutrality

  • Reduced: military; federal jobs; repeals excise tax on whiskey; national debt

  • Louisiana Purchase (1803) - negotiations: France offered $15 million for all of louisiana; constitutional? Maybe; sent Lewis and Clark to explore (1804-1806)

• Marshall Court

  • Appointed by John Adams (federalist with broad view of federal powers)

  • Marbury v Madison (1803) - supreme court could exercise power to decide whether an act of congress or of the presidents was allowed by the constitution; judicial review

• America on the World Stage

  • Difficulties abroad

    • Challenges to neutrality

      • Chesapeake affair - British Leopard killed 3 americans on the Chesapeake

      • Embargo act 1807 (Jefferson) - alternative to a war with britain over chesapeake leopard affair; prohibited american merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Thought it would hurt brits as they were the biggest trading partners but hurt U.S. economy really badly (backfired)

  • Madison’s Foreign Policy

    • Commercial warfare

      • Nonintercoruse Act of 1809 - hoped to end economic hardship from 1807 embargo act by this. Provided americans could now trade with anyone except britain and france

• War of 1812

  • “Second war for independence”

  • Causes

    • Impressment of US sailors by the British

    • Conflict with Native Americans blamed on Britain

      • Tecumseh v. William Henry Harrison

    • War hawk congress, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun - wanted to defend national honor and called for war

  • British burned down Washington DC

  • Fort McHenry - the star spangled banner, written by Francis Scott Key

  • Treaty of Ghent (1815) - ended was with no victor - armistice

  • Battle of New Orleans - Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero

  • Hartford Convention - death of the federalist party; opposed war of 1812, wanted financial repayment for embargo, radicals urged succession

  • Legacy of the war

    • US gains respect of other nations

    • US accepts canada as British

    • Death of the federalist party

    • Continued decline and decimation of Native populations

    • Blockaid aided in industrial self-sufficiency

    • War heroes - Jackson and Harrison

    • Growth of nationalism and western expansion - “Era of Good Feelings”

• Foreign Affairs

  • Adams-Onis Treaty - Jackson invaded florida in 1817; spain sold florida to the US and drew the boundary of mexico to the pacific

  • Monroe Doctrine - US would not allow foreign powers to establish colonies in the western hemisphere; lasting impact beyond Monroe’s time in office

• Politics and Regional Interests

  • “Era of Good Feelings”

    • Election of 1816

    • End of federalists (only 1 political party)

    • Themes

      • Nationalism 

      • Manifest destiny: western and economic expansion

  • Tariff of 1816 - first protective tariff in U.S history (american manufacturers worried british goods would be dumped on american markets post war of 1812)

• Henry Clay’s American System

  • Protective tariff - enacted with the tariff of 1816

  • 2nd national bank - was eventually allowed under McCulloch v Maryland ruling

  • Internal improvements

• McCulloch v Maryland (1819) 

  • marshall ruled that even though constitution does not specifically mention a national bank, the constitution gave the federal government the implied power to create one

• Panic of 1819 

  • marked the end of the era of good feelings. Disaster occured after Second Bank Changed many voters’ political outlook as westerners began calling for land reform and expressing strong opposition to both the national bank and debtors’ prisons.

• Missouri Compromise

  • Missouri applied for statehood - slavery was well established

  • Tallmadge amendment - proposed ending importation of slaves to missouri and emancipation at the age of 25

    • Southerners opposed

  • The Compromise: added missouri to the nation as a slave state and maine as a free state; established the 36*30’ line split the use of slavery (increased sectionalism)

• Market Revolution

  • Development of the Northwest

    • Old Northwest - 6 States joined the union before 1860

    • Agriculture - corn and wheat

      • John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus McCormack’s mechanical reaper

  • Transportation

    • Improved travel - lower shipping costs and stronger economic ties between the east and west

    • Roads - interstate roads were rare (debates over funding)

      • The national - 1000 miles from MD->IL

      • Lancaster turnpike - inspired all other toll roads

    • Canals - erie canal linked western forms to eastern cities

    • Steamboats - robert fulton’s Clermot

    • Railroads

      • Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago became commercial centers

      • Used more in the north

  • Communication

    • 1844 - Samuel Morse’s telegraph makes communication over long distances instantaneous

  • Growth of Industry

    • Eli Whitney - cotton gin and interchangeable parts

    • Samuel Slater - factories (Slater the traitor from Europe)

    • Lowell System - employed women

    • Early Unions - not successful - workers were easily replaceable and illegal in many states

• Effects of the Market Revolution

  • Women

    • Women worked in factories like the lowell mills or domestic service/teaching

    • Worked until marriage

  • Economic and social mobility

    • Wages and social mobility increased although still rare

  • Population and immigration

    • Most immigrants live in the middle of northern states

    • From 1830-1860, 4 million immigrate from europe

      • Quicker ocean travel

      • Famines (Ireland) and revolutions (Germany) in Europe

      • US = political and economic opportunity

  • Urban Life

    • Rise in urban living cases increase in slums with poor sanitation and high crime and disease rate

• Expanding democracy

  • Politics of common man

    • Newly admitted states expanded suffrage to include all while males, other states following

  • Changes to parties and campaigns

    • 1830s - “king caucus” replaced with nominating conventions with politicians and voters

    • Solidification of the two party system

    • Rise of 3rd parties

    • More officials were elected

    • Campaigns began caring about the common man

  • Spoils System and rotation in office

    • Spoils system - politicians repay supporters by giving them jobs

    • Pushed the idea that the average american could do government work

• Jackson and federal power

  • Election of 1824

    • 4 democratic-republicans run

    • Jackson had the most votes, yet lacked the majority

    • The corrupt bargain: henry clay gets John Quincy Adams the votes in the house; clay becomes JQA’s secretary of state

  • John Quincy Adams

    • Alienated members of the Democratic-Republican party

    • Asked for federal funding for manufacturing or universities

    • Tariff of abominations: helped northern manufacturers, hurt southern farmers

  • Revolution of 1828

    • Jackson (old hickory) v. JQA

    • Jackson wins every state west of the appalachian mountains

    • Jackson will veto more bills than any other previous president

  • Nullification Crisis

    • In 1828, SC declared the tariff of abominations unconstitutional

    • Jackson issues the force bill - declared nullification unconstitutional

    • Compromised on the Tariff of 1832

  • Indian Removal

    • Gold was discovered on cherokee land

    • 1830 - Indian Removal Act - Native Americans resist in the courts

    • Worcester v. Georgia - cherokee were a distinct political community 

      • “Marshall has made his decision, let him enforce it”

      • 16,000 Natives removed from their land, 4,000 died - Trail of Tears

  • The Bank

    • Jackson opposed the bank because it favored the wealthy and foreign investors

      • Vetoes recharter

      • State banks begin printing paper money; inflation; Panic of 1837

• Elections of 1836 and 1840

  • 1836 - Jackson’s VP Van Buren wins

    • Inherits bank failures, panic, depression

    • Enforcement of the Indian Removal Act

  • William Henry Harrision

    • “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”

    • Harrison died after a month (loser); tyler takes over, not a strong Whig, opposes party financial ideals

• The Western Frontier 

  • Native Americans removed through violence, treaties, disease, military action

  • The frontier - hope for better life, claiming a piece of land or finding precious metals

  • Pioneer women had more opportunities

• 2nd Two-Party System

  • Under Jackson, the one party system and the Era of Good Feelings was gone

  • Democrats (jackson) vs. Whigs (clay)

  • Democrats - similar to Jefferson’s party

  • Whigs - similar to federalists (strong federal government)

• Antebellum Period Reforms

  • Transcendentalism

    • Romantics - rejected enlightenment, focused on feelings

    • Truth found in nature

    • Encouraged individualism

    • Abolitionists

      • Ralph Waldo Emerson - focused on individualism and self-reliance; Brook Farm

      • Henry David Thoreau - wrote “Civil Disobedience;” encouraged nonviolent protest

  • Utopian Communities

    • Attempted to create ideal societies in response to the industrial revolution

      • Shakers: religious; strict gender roles

      • New Harmony

  • Art and Literature

    • Painting: painting average people doing average work; Hudson River School

    • Literature: most came from New England or middle states

      • Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Washington Irving

• Second Great Awakening

  • Causes 

    • Emphasis on democracy

    • Fear that industrialization was leading to greed and sin

    • Belief in millennialism - the world would end soon so they needed salvation

  • Revivals

    • Charles Grandison Finney: burned over district in NY - everyone could be saved through faith and hard work

    • Baptists and methodists traveled through the south, held camp meetings

  • Mormons

    • Created by Joseph Smith in 1830

    • Fled NY, smith was killed in IL

    • Bringham Young led members to UT, “New Zion”

    • Controversial because of polygamy

• Age of Reform

  • Temperance

    • Reformers believed alcohol caused crime, abuse, and other social problems

    • American Temperance Society

    • Anti-immigrant undertones

  • Asylums

    • Dorthea Dix - advocate for mental health reform

    • Prisons began pushing for rehabilitation

  • Education

    • More voters - many pushed for public education  supported by taxpayers

    • Goal: assimilate immigrants and training for industry

    • Horace Mann: wanted compulsory attendance

    • Growth of colleges

  • Women’s rights

    • Seneca Falls Convention - birth of women’s rights movement

      • Declaration of Sentiments - demanded voting rights

    • Overshadowed by the campaign against slavery

  • Anti-Slavery Movement

    • American colonization movement - back to Africa movement (Marcus Garvey)

    • American anti slavery society - William Lloyd Garrison; published The Liberator; immediate emancipation without payment to slave owners

    • Liberty party - antislavery political party

    • Black Abolitionists

      • Frederick Douglass - escaped slavery; published North Star

      • Harriet Tubman - conductor on the underground railroad

      • David Waker - “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”

      • Nat Turner’s Rebellion - 1831, slave revolt that killed 55 white southerners

• African Americans in the Early Republic

  • Free African Americans

    • Free black had more opportunity in the North, however still suffered discrimination, especially as they worked as strikebreakers

    • Had to show freedom papers to escape kidnapping

    • Could not vote

  • Resistance

    • Most slaves resisted through work slow downs; running away was difficult

    • The underground railroad helped slaves escape

    • Nat Turner’s Rebellion

    • After rebellions, slave codes restricted the rights of slaves and free blacks

• Southern Society

  • Agriculture and king cotton

    • Cotton is the single most important economic resource in the south 

    • Economic dominance by king cotton led to a dangerous dependence on a one crop economy

  • The peculiar institution

    • Refers to the fact that slavery was stripping people of their liberty in a nation founded on liberty

    • Defenders of slavery used economic, religious, and historical reasons - rooted in white supremacy

    • In parts of the deep south, slaves made up 75% of the population

  • Economics

    • Some slave owners sold enslaved people to the deep south

    • By 1860, a slave cost about $2000

    • The south used its capital to buy slaves, thus lacked capital to invest in manufacturing

Period 5 💔: Civil War and Reconstruction (1844-1877) 

Heimler’s History Link / Period 5 Terms Quizlet / Connecting Period 5 to 4

People to Know:

• John Tyler - Henry Harrison’s successor (1841-1845), was a Southern Whig who was worried about the growing influence of the British in Texas. Worked to annex it but the U.S senate rejected his requests. However, when Polk won the election of 1844, Tyler pushed Texas annexation through congress

• James K. Polk - considered the manifest destiny prDemocrat candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay in the presidential election of 1844; protege of AJ

“Fifty Four Forty or Fight!” showcased his expansionist ideas; Democrat; Significantly expanded the country with the annexation of Texas; Oregon compromise with Great Britain and Mexican; Cession after the Mexican- American War; Supported Jacksonian democracy and slavery; Served one term

• Stephen Austin - succeeded in bringing 300 families into Texas and thereby beginning a steady migration of American settlers into vast frontier territory. By 1830, Americans outnumbered Mexicans in Texas three to one.

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - 1834 this guy made himself dictator of Mexico and was captured by Sam Houston, forced to sign a treaty recognizing independence for Texas

• Sam Houston - revolted with some American settlers and declared Texas an independent republic in March 1836. In the new constitution, they made slavery legal again. 

• Zachary Taylor - Polk ordered ZT to move his army toward Rio Grande, across territory claimed by Mexico

• Samuel Morse - inventor of the telegraph in 1844 which was one of the inventions that helped spark the market revolution

• Harriet Beecher Stowe - wrote uncle tom's cabin, the little lady who started a big war called by Abe Lincoln

• Franklin Pierce - elected to presidency in 1852

• Charles Sumner - had the everloving crap beaten out of him by preston brooks on the senate floor; reflection of the intensity of the debate of slavery

• Stephen A. Douglas - suggested to divide kansas nebraska territory and allow popular sovereignty for each1

• Abraham Lincoln - his election led to the succession of the southern states; in 1862 suspended habeas corpus to maintain control of border states who were confederate/slave states in control of union; 1863 emancipation proclamation which freed slaves in rebellious states

• John Brown - abolitionist,  bleeding Kansas during kansas-nebraska act, him and sons attacked pro slavery people, Harpers Ferry-> caught and executed, seen by some as a martyr and that scared the south

• Jefferson Davis - President of the Confederate States of America

• Alexander Stephens - Vice President of the Confederate States of America

• Robert E. Lee - one of the “strong” confederate leaders–people use him as an example of why during the civil war, the confederacy had the “advantage” at least in terms of strong generals. 

• Ulysses S. Grant - general in union army which gave him enough popularity to be elected president in 1869-1877

• William Tweed - Tweed. William Magear "Boss" Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878) was an American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and State.

• Andrew Johnson - Andrew Johnson. 17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. When Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.

• Hiram Revels - The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

• Rutherford B. Hayes - president from 1877 to 1881, his presidency marked the end of reconstruction, intervened on the side of big business in great railroad strike

• Harriet Tubman - escaped slavery and became conductor on the underground railroad

Events:

• Manifest destiny

  • The belief that the US was destined to rule the continent, from the atlantic to the pacific

  • The south generally favored westward expansion

    • More land to spread slavery

  • Fueled by

    • Nationalism

    • Rapid economic development

    • Technological advances

    • Reform ideals

• Conflicts over Texas

  • 1810, mexican independence from spain

  • Americans want Texas because…

    • Abundant, fertile land

    • Close to the US

    • Small hispanic population

  • Empresarios, such as Stephen Austin, encouraged settlement

  • 1829: mexican government

    • Required settlers to become citizens and accept catholicism

    • Banned slavery

    • General Santa Anna attempted to enforce these laws in texas

      • American settlers led by Sam Houston revolted and declared Texas independent

  • The Alamo (1836): the americans tried to make a military stand against the mexican government, but they were destroyed

• Election of 1844

  • Leading up to the 1844 election, americans pushed the motion that the oregon territory and texas were rightly theirs

  • Democratic Party split in 1844: happened because the possibility of annexing Texas and allowing expansion of slavery split the democratic party in 1844. The party’s northern wing opposed immediate annexation and wanted to nominate former president Martin Van Buren to run again. Southern Whigs who were pro slavery and pro annexation rallied behind former vice president John C. Calhoun of SC as a candidate. Ending up choosing James K. Polk, protege of Andrew Jackson who was firmly committed to Manifest Destiny

• Overland trails

  • Oregon trail - pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon territory

  • Cost $200-300 so the people moving out west were largely middle and upper class

• Mining frontier

  • Gold was discovered in CA - California Gold Rush (1949)

  • Many people immigrated to america for the gold rush; ⅓ of the miners in the west were chinese

• Farming frontier

  • Most pioneers moved to the west for the cheap land to build a large farm

  • The government offered land parcels as small as 40 acres

• Urban frontier

  • Western cities eventually rose with the development of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming

  • San Francisco and Denver

• Foreign commerce

  • US trade expanded at this time due to several factors:

    • Increased efficiency of ships traveling abroad

    • A whaling boom in the 1830s-1860s

    • Eventual use of steamships in the 1850s

    • Expansion of trade in asia, including the Kanagawa treaty

• Mexican American War

• Events leading to the war

  • Election of 1844

  • Texas border disputes: Mexican government refused to sell California and insisted Texas's southern border was on the Nueces River. Polk asserted it was further south on Rio Grande

  • Polk ordered general Zachary Taylor into the disputed territory

  • April 1846 - mexicans attack american troops in the disputed area

  • May 1846 - war declared on mexico

• War course

  • Zachary Taylor - northern mexico

  • Stephen Kearney - new mexico

  • John Fremont - california

  • Winfield Scott - mexico city

• Consequences of the war

  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: mexico recognizes Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas; US takes CA and NM for $15 million to settle american claims against mexico

  • Debate over slavery continues

    • Wilmot proviso - ban slavery in the acquired territory

    • Compromise of 1850

    • Increased tension between north and south

• Compromise of 1850

  • Manifest destiny in the south

    • Southern landowners pushed for expansion to new lands where slavery could be used

      • Polk offered to purchase Cuba for $100 million, Pierce tried to push the ostend Manifesto

  • Gadsden Purchase (1853)

    • US bought a strip of land from mexico for a railroad through the southwest

    • Finalizes the southern border of the US

  • 3 debates over the status of territories

    • Free Soil Movement: Northern Democrats and Whigs supported the Wilmot proviso and the position that all African American’s should be excluded from the Mexican Cession (territory ceded to the U.S by Mexico in 1848); KEY OBJECTIVE: preventing expansion of slavery (also why this party was so successful); In 1848, Northerners who opposed allowing slavery in the territories organized Free Soil Party, which adopted the slogan “Free soil, free labor, free men”

    • Southerners: viewed attempts to restrict the expansion of slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights

    • Popular Sovereignty (1850): idea proposed by Lewis Cass, in which matter of slavery be determined by the vote of the people who settled there

  • The Compromise of 1850

    • California would be a free state

    • Popular sovereignty for Utah and NM

    • Ban the slave trade in Washington DC

    • Fugitive Slave Law: 1850, one of the terms under compromise of 1850 to make Southerners happy after admitted Cali as a free state

    • Effects

      • Bought time on the slavery issue, but didn’t last

      • Fugitive slave law increases tensions, most controversial part

      • Popular sovereignty becomes divisive

• Immigration and Nativism

  • Irish and German immigration rose due to famines and political turmoil; faced hostility; Irish became politically powerful in cities

  • Nativism: anti-foreign/anti-immigrant; feared Irish and Germans were taking jobs/undercutting wages; feared subversion of American culture

    • Know-Nothing Party: nativist party; slavery put immigration on a backburner

• Expanding Economy

  • Industrial technology - before 1840, industrial centers were primarily located in New England, but spread due to steamships and railroads

  • Railroads: started in 1820; government supported with tax breaks and land grants; connected New England and the Midwest

  • Panic of 1857: drop in agricultural prices, increasing unemployment

• Agitation over slavery

  • Fugitive slave law

    • Accused slaves did not receive trial by jury

    • state/local law enforcement was required to help federal law enforcement

    • Some northerners refused to comply

  • Underground Railroad - aided by escaped slaves and white abolitionists

• Books on slavery

  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) - Harriet Beecher Stowe: heightened northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict

  • The impending crisis of the south - Hinton Helper: was a southern critic of slavery; used statistics to show how slavery hurt the southern economy

  • Sociology of the south - argued that slavery was good for slaves compared to the northern “wage salary”

• Failure of Compromise

  • Election of 1852

    • Democrat Franklin Pierce (N. who supports FSL) v. Whig Winfield Scott (internal improvements)

  • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): stephen douglas wanted a railroad in IL, hoped to win support from the south

    • Proposal: two territories, slavery decided by popular sovereignty; voided the missouri compromise

  • Extremists and Violence

    • “Bleeding Kansas” (1854): fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups; Pottawatomie creek massacre by abolitionist John Brown

    • The Caning of Sumner: Preston Brooks beats Charles Sumner on the senate floor over slavery debate

    • Also John Brown and Harpers Ferry in 1859

• Birth of the Republican Party

  • Formed in reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

  • Included Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Democrats as long as they opposed the spread of slavery

  • Focused to repeal the FSL and the K-N Act

  • Strictly in the North

• Dred Scott Decision (1857)

  • Chief Justice Taney argued…

    • Dred Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen

    • Congress could not limit property

    • Missouri compromise was unconstitutional since it executed slavery in the north

  • Essentially opened all western states to slavery

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates

  • Seven debates in IL

    • Lincoln portrayed as an abolitionist

    • Douglass loses support from southern democrats

    • Lincoln loses senate seat but becomes a prime candidate for the presidency

• Election of 1860 and Secession

  • Road to secession

    • Some northerners viewed John Brown as an extremist, others a martyr

    • The south throughout the north supported violence to end slavery 

  • Election of 1860

    • Lincoln wins with only 40% of the popular vote

  • Secession

    • Southerners feared Republicans would control the government without any southern input

    • In december, SC decides to secede from the union

      • Argues “states rights” referring to the right to own slaves

• The war begins

  • Fort Sumter (April 12th, 1861)

    • First attack by south on union troops

    • Abraham lincoln

      • 75,000 volunteers

      • Increased war spending

      • Suspended habeas corpus

      • All without congressional consent

    • Taking sides

      • VA was critical for the Confederate States of America (CSA) because: high population and density

      • Border States: slave states that remain in the union (missouri, KY, WV, MD, DE)

• Military Conflict

  • CSA

    • Constitution made the central government less powerful

      • No tariffs, no strong taxation

      • Wartime centralization was difficult

      • Jefferson Davis = president

      • Severe inflation

  • First Years of War (1861-1862)

    • First Bull Run

      • Stonewall jackson

      • War would be longer than expected

    • Union strategy

      • Blockade southern ports

      • Take control of the mississippi

      • Capture capital of richmond

    • Ironclads: monitor vs. merrimack

      • Revolution in naval warfare (submarine attempts)

  • Antietam

    • September 1862

    • Bloodiest single day of battle

    • Lincoln seizes as opportunity to issue Emancipation Proclamation

  • Failure of Cotton Diplomacy

    • Using cotton to gain support from Europe didn’t work

    • The emancipation proclamation made it so england could not support a confederate war for slavery

  • Gettysburg: a turning point

    • July 1-3, 1863

    • First and last major southern offensive in the north

    • Impact

      • High southern casualties lead to decreased support

      • Union has 2 major victories: military and morale

      • Gettysburg address (1863): dedication of cemetery

  • Sherman’s march and the end of the war

    • Sherman’s March (Nov-Dec 1864)

    • 285 mile march from atlanta to savannah, GA

    • Total war

    • Broke the spirit of the south

  • Appomattox Court House (1865)

    • Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant

• Government Policies during the War

  • Lincoln’s unprecedented action

    • 75,000 volunteers

    • Authorized spending

    • Suspended habeas corpus (forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual. Lincoln suspended H.C to stop protests against the draft and other anti-Union activities)

  • The draft

    • Both sides issue drafts

    • Union army - pay $300 for a replacement

      • NYC draft riots

  • The end of slavery

    • Emancipation proclamation: freed slaves in states that were in open rebellion and controlled by the union

      • Made the war about slavery

  • African Americans in the war

    • Almost 200,000 escaped/freed slaves served in segregated units with white officers

    • Massachusetts 54th Regiment won respect of white union soldiers

  • Economics of the war

    • Union paid for the war by selling bonds, raising tariffs, adding excise taxes, and issuing a temporary income tax

    • Greenbacks = high inflation

    • Congress made a temporary national banking system

  • Modernizing northern society

    • War increased industrialization and created millionaires

    • Congress passed laws to stimulate industrial/commercial growth

      • Morrill tariff act

      • Homestead act - gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property

      • Morill land grant act

      • Pacific railway act

• Reconstruction

  • The time period following the civil war (1865-1877)

  • Focused on

    • Fixing infrastructure in the south

    • Rebuilding the relationship between the north and south

    • Transforming the economy of the south into a free-labor economy with a free african american population

  • 1st stage: presidential reconstruction

    • Lincoln’s 10% plan - southern states readmitted if 10% of voters in 1860 pledged loyalty; very lenient

    • Johnson’s plan - plantation owners could ask for a pardon; confederate office holders/pioneer aristocracy back in power

  • 2nd state: radical reconstruction

    • Wade-davis bill - sought to protect the rights of newly freed blacks

    • Radical republicans

      • Charles sumner and thaddeus stevens - wanted military control of the south to ensure education and land for freedmen

      • Many supported women’s suffrage, labor unions, and civil rights in the north

  • Early successes

    • 13th amendment (1865) - abolished slavery

    • Freedmen's Bureau (1865)

    • Civil rights act of 1866 - citizenship, step to 14th amendment

    • 14th amendment - defines citizenship, “equal protection” and “due process”

    • Reconstruction acts of 1867 - military reconstruction

  • Freedmen’s Bureau

    • Federal office to assimilate former slaves into southern society

    • Food, clothing, education, medical aid, and jobs

    • Successes: education

• Reforms after Grant’s election

  • Election of 1868 - Grant won by 300,000 votes; 500,000 black men voted

  • 15th amendment - prohibited states from denying the right to vote based on race

• Reconstruction in the south

  • Scalawags - derogatory term for southerners who were working with the north to buy land in the south

  • Carpetbaggers - derogatory term for northerners who moved south to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes

  • Two black senators were elected - Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce

  • African Americans adjusting to freedom

    • Finally have access to education

    • Many formed black churches

    • Reuniting with families was difficult

    • HBCUs were created

  • Some african americans moved out of the south to frontier states like Kansas (exodusters)

• Failure of Reconstruction

  • The KKK

    • 1866 - TN; ex-confederate soldiers

    • Goal was to keep carpetbaggers out of the south and terrorize black americans into submission

  • Avoiding the 15th amendment

    • Southerners used violence

      • Poll-taxes: tax to vote (outlawed by 24th amendment)

      • Literacy tests: link to one here

      • Grandfather clause: if your grandfather could vote in 1860, you don’t have to take the test/pay the tax

• Sharecropping

  • African americans could not buy land in the south

  • Paid for rented land with part of their crops

  • Unfair contracts, rental of farm equipment = continued poverty

• Black Codes

  • Southern states passed laws in response to the 13th amendment to restrict the rights and movement of freedmen

    • Prevented them from acquiring land

    • Work contracts

    • Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites

• Jim Crow Laws

  • State and local law which established segregation; in effect until the civil rights movement in the 1960s

• The “New South”

  • To promote industry in the south

  • Diversify agriculture

  • “Out yankee the yankee” - economic cooperation with the north

• Compromise of 1877

  • Closely contested election of 1876 left Rutherford b. Hayes with the presidency

  • Hayes pulled all federal troops out of the south, ending reconstruction

    • Essentially ended black rights in the south

Period 6 🛠: Gilded Age (1865-1898) 

Heimler’s History Link / Period 6 Must Knows 1 / Period 6 Must Knows 2 / Connecting Period 6 to 5

People to Know:

• Frederick Jackson Turner - speculated how the frontier drove American history and helped shape American culture as it existed in the 1890s

• Helen Hunt Jackson - "A Century of Dishonor" led to some American sympathy toward Indians, (1881)

• John Muir - The preservationists like John Muir and his Sierra Club fought for the preservation of wilderness areas without human interference.

• Henry Grady - coined the term the new south, atlanta constitution (Henry Grady's newspaper in which he urged the South to industrialize)

• George Washington Carver - Ex-slave who taught and did research at the Tuskegee institute

• Ida B. Wells - African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

• Booker T. Washington - African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Atlanta compromise, belief that black and white southerners shared a responsibility for making the region prosper, not challenging segregation. Ideas clashed with W.E.B du bois

• WEB DuBois - A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. He founded the NAACP that aimed to help African Americans improve

• Alexander Graham Bell - invented the telephone in 1876

• Henry Bessemer - bessemer process which was used by carnegie steel

• Thomas Edison - Menlo Park, research lab in 1876. Out of his lab came more than a thousand patented inventions including a dynamo for generating electricity

• Cornelius Vanderbilt - railroads guy (that’s literally it lol)

• Jay Gould - a corrupt speculator, made millions by selling off assets and watering stock which inflated the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock.

• J. Pierpont Morgan - banker who took control of bankrupt railroads & consolidated them

• Andrew Carnegie - steel; used horizontal integration. Wrote the Gospel of Wealth where Carnegie argues the wealthy have a moral responsibility to carry our projects of civic philanthropy

• John D. Rockefeller - standard oil; used horizontal integration

• Adam Smith -  created the theory of capitalism and attacked mercantilism. Smith argued that invisible forces ruled the marketplace and the law of supply and demand determined price

• Samuel Gompers -  an English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. He founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades

• Eugene V. Debs - a labor leader who helped organize the American Railroad Union; the American Railroad Union went on strike against the Pullman Palace car company in 1894

• “Boss” Tweed - leader of tammany hall- corrupt political machine—helped immigrants find jobs in exchange for votes

• Jane Addams - Hull House

• Joseph Pulitzer - American newspaper editor and publisher who helped establish the pattern of the modern newspaper. In his time he was one of the most powerful journalists in the United States

• William Randolph Hearst - United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism

• John Phillip Sousa - known as the march king of america

• Dwight Moody - popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old time revivalism to the industrial city

• Walter Rauschenbusch -  leading protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems

• Frances E. Willard -  an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution

• Carry A. Nation - a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent of Prohibition. Went into bars and smashed alcohol with a hatchet

• Mark Twain - coined the term the gilded age in 1873.

• Daniel Burnham - American architect and planner who helped bring French Baron Haussman's City Beautiful movement to the United States.

• Frederick Law Olmstead - Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement. 

• William Jennings Bryan - Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. Made cross of gold speech

• William McKinley - (1897-1901) He presided over victory in the Spanish–American War of 1898; gained control of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba; restored prosperity after a deep depression; rejected the inflationary monetary policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold standard; and raised protective tariffs

Events:

• Westward expansion: economic development

  • transcontinental railroads

    • Central pacific railroad - made by chinese immigrants

    • Union pacific railroad - irish immigrants and civil war veterans

    • First finished in 1869

    • Negative effects

      • Environmental

      • Buffalo dying

      • Displacement of native americans; continued conflict and war

  • Settlement of the west

    • Early settlements in the west failed due to poor conditions

    • After 1865, the west modernized with towns, railroads, and ranches

  • The mining frontier

    • California gold rush sets up other rushes for gold/silver, which led to boomtowns

  • Cattle frontier

    • Long drives

    • Railroads open to new markets

    • Industry changed by invention of barbed wire in 1867

  • Farming frontier

    • Homestead Act of 1862 - 160 acres of land free to any family who settled on it for 5 years; many failed

    • Farming became commercialized, hurting small farms

    • Grange movement - demanded reform; societal and educational activities for farmers

    • Munn v. Illinois (1877) - upheld law that states could regulate railroads

• The Populist Party

  • Significant 3rd party

    • Wanted government ownership of railroads

    • Wanted free coinage of silver (increase $ supply)

    • Wanted graduated income tax

    • Wanted direct election of senators

• Societal and Cultural Developments

  • Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)

    • Argues the american frontier closed in 1890

    • “Safety valve theory”

    • Stated the strength and identity of america comes from expansion and the frontier

    • Influences imperialism

  • Reservation policies

    • Federal government began to assign native tribes to reservations; many tribes ignored this and followed the buffalo

  • Indian Wars

    • Sand Creek Massacre (1864) - colorado militia attack and kill over 100 natives

    • Battle of Little BigHorn (1876) - the Sioux tribe killed Custer and his men (Custer’s Last Stand)

    • Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) - US army goes into the Dakotas and killed over 200

      • Marks the end of major Native American frontier wars

  • Assimilation

    • A Century of Dishonor - Helen Hunt Jackson: created sympathy for Natives, but also advocated for assimilation (1881)

    • Carlisle School

    • Dawes Severalty Act - broke up indian reservations and distributed land to individual households (1887)

  • The Conservation Movement

    • Growth of state parks and creation of national parks

      • Yellowstone (1872) and Yosemite (1890)

    • Forest reserves

    • John Muir and the Sierra Club (1892) - “father of national parks”

• The New South

  • Economic progress

    • Steel (AL), lumber (TN), tobacco (VA), textiles (GA, NC, SC)

    • Expansion of railroads

  • Continued poverty

    • Most growth in the north due to northern financing

    • Lack of education, limited skills

    • Weak political leadership

  • Agriculture and Poverty

    • By 1900, more than ½ of south’s white farmers and ¾ of black farmers were either tenet farmers or sharecroppers

• Jim Crow Laws

  • Discrimination in the supreme court

    • Civil rights cases

      • Blacks were protected against state actions but not individual actions

      • Declared the civil rights act of 1875 unconstitutional

    • Plessy v. Ferguson

      • “separate but equal”

      • Continues Jim Crow Laws

  • Loss of civil rights

    • Demise of black voter registration

      • Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clause

    • KKK/white league -> lynching

  • Response to segregation

    • Leaders

      • Ida B. Wells - exposed southern lynching

      • Booker T. Washington - tuskegee institute

      • WEB DuBois - NAACP; “talented 10th;” “souls of black folk”

• Technological Innovation

  • Inventions

    • Telegraph - Morse (1844); transatlantic cable (1866)

    • Typewriter

    • Telephone - Bell (1876)

    • Cash Register

    • Kodak Camera - Eastman (1888)

  • “Let there be light”

    • Menlo Park

      • Thomas Edison

      • More than 1000 inventions

        • Motion picture

        • Light bulb - revolutionized daily lives; mostly cities

    • Westinghouse 

      • Air brake (1869) and the transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current (AC)

    • Impact

      • Electrified cities

        • Streets, street cars, subways, machinery, and appliances

• Growth of Cities

  • Steel suspension bridges (Brooklyn Bridge, 1883) enables commutes between residential areas and cities

  • Steel and elevators = skyscrapers

  • Marketing consumer goods

    • Department stores

      • Macy’s (NY)

      • Rural america 

        • Woolworths and Sears

    • Transportation

      • Packaged foods

        • Kellogg and post

      • Refrigerated car (swift)

        • Mass produced meats and veggies

    • Advertising

      • Birth of consumer culture (shopping)

• Rise of Industrial Capitalism

  • Business of Railroads

    • American railroad association divided the country into time zones - standard time

    • Created the modern stockholder cooperation for funding 

    • Different gauges and incompatible equipment were reduced through consolidation into integrated trunk lines

      • Cornelius vanderbilt

  • Corruption of Railroads

    • Quick note: railroads were the nation’s first big business (vanderbilt)

    • Jay Gould, a corrupt speculator, made millions by selling off assets and watering stock

    • Railroads offered rebates (discounts)/kickback to favored shippers and fixed rates - hurt farmers

    • Early attempts to regulate railroads were not successful

  • Industrial Empires

    • Bessemer process

    • Carnegie steel

      • Vertical integration

        • Own all parts of the process

        • Carnegie sold it to Morgan in 1900 for $400mil which became…

    • US Steel

      • First billion dollar company

      • Controlled ⅗ of all steel production

  • Oil Empires

    • First oil discovery - PA (1859)

      • Boom in drilling as a result of demand

      • John D. Rockefeller

    • Standard Oil

      • Horizontal integration

        • Buy out or force your competitors out of business

        • By 1881, owns 90% of refineries

  • Laissez-Faire Economics

    • Conservative economic theories

      • Adam Smith - the wealth of nations

      • Argued businesses would be guided by the ‘invisible hand’ of supply and demand

    • Social darwinism

      • Economic survival of the fittest

      • Darwin’s theory of natural selection applied to economics

    • Gospel of wealth

      • Andrew carnegie

      • Responsibility of the wealthy to give back - civic philanthropy

• Labor in the Gilded Age

  • Employers used several tactics for defeating unions

    • Lockout

    • Blacklist

    • Yellow-dog contracts

    • Private guards and state militias

    • Court injunctions

  • Great railroad strike of 1877

    • One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence

    • Started when railroad companies cut wages by 10%

    • Shut down ⅔ of railroads

  • Attempts to organize national unions

    • National labor union - 1866

      • 1st attempt to organize all workers in all states

      • Biggest victory - 8hr day for federal government workers

    • Knights of labor -1869

      • Florence Powderly

      • Open to all skilled, unskilled, women, african americans

      • Wanted to abolish child labor and settle disputes by arbitration rather than strikes

      • Declined following the haymarket riot

    • American federation of labor

      • Samuel Gompers

      • Focused on skilled workers

      • “Bread and butter” issues - wages, working conditions

  • Strikes and Strikebreaking

    • Haymarket Bombing - bomb explodes during a public meeting, hurt the labor movement (blame put on AFL)

    • Homestead Strike - carnegie steel factory; scabs and private guards

    • Pullman Strike - railroad workers boycotting pullman cars; led by upcoming socialist leader Eugene Debs

• Immigration and migration in the Gilded Age

  • A nation of immigrants

    • 2nd wave of immigration - post civil war

    • Push factors: poverty, political turmoil, overcrowding, religious persecution

    • Pull factors: “land of opportunities,” jobs

  • “New immigrants”

    • Southern and eastern europeans

    • Many poor/illiterate

    • “Birds of passage” european immigrants who came to the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries with the intent to return to their homelands after a few years

    • Largely retained old world customs

      • “Little italy” and “chinatown”

      • Ethnic neighborhoods

  • The growth of cities

    • Patterns of urban development

      • Mass transportation segregated urban workers by income

      • Upper and middle class moved to streetcar suburbs to escape the poverty, pollution, and crime

    • Ethnic Neighborhoods

      • The growth of slums and tenement apartments - poor living conditions for urban workers

• Response to Immigration

  • Opposition

    • Employers feared immigrants would advocate for radical reforms

    • Nativists feared for american culture

      • American protective association - anti-catholic

    • Social darwinists feared “new immigrants” were biologically inferior

  • Restrictions on chinese and other immigrants

    • Chinese exclusion act (1882)

      • Angel island

    • Ellis island - new arrivals had to pass rigorous medical exams and pay a tax

• Boss/Machine Politics

  • Coordinated with the needs of businesses, immigrants, and city dwellers

    • Tammany hall - NYC; Boss Tweed

  • Could be generous, but became greedy and corrupt, stole millions from taxpayers

• Settlement houses

  • Reformers sought to correct the poor living conditions of immigrants

  • Jane Addams

    • Taught english to immigrants

    • Pioneered early childhood education

    • Taught industrial arts

    • Established neighborhood theaters

• Development of the middle class

  • Growth of white collar jobs

  • Middle management - needed to coordinate operation between CEOs and factories

  • Working women

    • ⅕ women worked (young, single)

    • Some educated women break into professions - doctors, lawyers, professors

    • Causes support women’s suffrage

  • Impact of income on urban development

    • Growth of suburbs

      • Low cost, abundant land, grass, privacy

      • Inexpensive transportation by railroads

      • Push for all white communities because of prejudice

• Changes in education

  • Compulsory education laws required children to attend school

  • Growth of kindergarten and high school attendance

  • Higher education

    • More colleges: morrill act and philanthropy

    • More colleges for women and african americans

• Growth of pop culture

  • Introduction of leisure time and weekends (higher incomes; reduced hours; transportation; advertising; and decline of restrictive values)

• Reform in the Gilded Age

  • Awakening reform

    • Religion: catholic leaders like cardinal James Gibbons defended organized labor; urban evangelicals - the salvation army

  • The social gospel: applying christian principles to social problems

  • Social workers: Jane Addams - Hull House

  • Votes for women: Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped found NAWSA

  • Temperance: excessive drinking by male factory workers was a major cause of poverty for immigrant and working class families

    • WCTU

    • Anti-Saloon League - Carry A. Nation; raided saloons

  • Urban reform: grassroots movement to combat corruption in city governments sprung up across the nation

• Leisure and arts

  • Realism: writers and painters sought to show off life as it is rather than as it should be

  • Architecture: frank lloyd wright or frederick law olmstead

  • Growing desire for change of laissez-faire economics by late 19th century

• Government in the Gilded Age

  • Government inaction

    • Government policies reflected 2 leading ideals: laissez-faire economics and social darwinism

    • Government was reluctant to regulate businesses but eager to subsidize them

  • Regulation

    • Interstate commerce act (1887) - required “reasonable and just” rates, but helped railroads more than formers by stabilizing rates and killing competition

    • Sherman antitrust act (1890) - attempted to make monopolies illegal but was too vague and was often used against labor unions

  • Service

    • After president Garfield was assassinated in 1881, congress worked to limit patronage

    • The pendleton act of 1881: established the civil service commission, which established a competitive exam for initiation into government jobs

  • Political Issues: Currency

    • Debates arose over the money supply

      • Debtors, farmers, and small businesses favored “soft money”

      • Bankers, creditors, investors, and established businesses pushed for “hard money” (backed by gold)

  • The greenback party

    • Supported paper money not backed by gold

    • Bland-allison act: allowed limited coinage of silver

    • Populists will later push for the unlimited coinage of silver

  • Political issues: tariffs

    • The republican congress raised tariffs to protect US industry, democrats objected as they raised prices for consumers

    • Other countries passed high tariffs - farmers hurt - surpluses of corn and wheat causes prices to drop

    • It seemed industry was growing rich at the expense of the farmers

• Politics in the Gilded Age

  • Popular politics and patronage

    • The republicans were stronger at the state level, democrats were stronger at the city level

    • 80% of the voting population voted in presidential elections

    • Politics became a game of winning elections, holding office, and the spoils system

  • Omaha Platform

    • The omaha platform called for the direct election of senators, initiatives, and referendums

  • Depression Politics

    • Panic of 1893 - caused by stock market crash and overspeculation

      • Railroads fail, farms close, 20% unemployed

      • Cleveland clung to the gold standard and laissez-faire economics

  • Tariff and income tax

    • 1894 - moderate lowering of tariff

    • Congress approves of a 2% tax on incomes over $2000

  • Jobless on the march

    • “Coxey’s army” marched on washington, demanding that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs to create jobs

  • Election of 1896

    • democrat/populist: william jennings bryan

      • “Cross of gold” speech got him enough support to be the democratic nominee

    • Republican: william mckinley

      • Blamed democrats for panic; supported high tariff and gold standard

  • End of the populist movement

    • McKinley presidency

      • Maintain gold standard

      • Economic prosperity

    • Results of the movement

      • Highlighted the plight of farmers

      • Rise of urban influence

      • Influenced the progressive era; reform policies

      • Important influence of 3rd parties

      • Birth of modern politics

Period 7 🗽: Progressive Era through WWII (1890-1945)

Heimler’s History Link / Connecting Period 7 to 6

People to Know:

• William H. Seward 1893-1897- Russia found Seward to be an enthusiastic champion of the idea of the U.S purchasing Alaska. Congress in 1867, due to Seward’s lobbying, agreed to purchase Alaska for $7.2 mil. Many Americans saw no value in Alaska and referred to it derisively as “Seward's Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” and ignored its development.

• Grover Cleveland - Democrat; the First Democrat elected after the Civil War, Grover Cleveland was the only President to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later. 

• Panic of 1893

• Hawaiian incident, 1893

• Venezuelan Boundary Affair, 1895

• Pullman Strike, 1894 • AF of L

• Richard Olney - asserted, under the Monroe Doctrine, the right of the United States to intervene in any international disputes within the Western Hemisphere

• Alfred Thayer Mahan - The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which was: Countries with sea power were the great nations of history

• George Dewey - A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

• Emilio Aguinaldo - Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901

• John Hay - American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China; open door policy

• Theodore Roosevelt - Roosevelt avoided labor strikes, most notably negotiating a settlement to the great Coal Strike of 1902. He vigorously promoted the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources. He dramatically expanded the system of national parks and national forests; imperialist president: “Big Stick Diplomacy”

• William Howard Taft 1909-1913 - (middle in terms of imperialism) he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. Republican

• Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

• Pinchot-Ballinger dispute, 1909 (conservation)

• "Dollar Diplomacy"

• Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 - anti imperialist; Planning to rebuild international relations, Wilson offered a framework for world order when he announced his Fourteen Points

Democrat

• Underwood Tariff, 1913

• 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

• Federal Reserve System, 1913

• Federal trade Commission, 1914

• Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914

• Troops in Latin America

• The Lusitania, May 1915

• "Fourteen Points," January 1917

• Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920

• "New Freedom"

• William Jennings Bryan - cross of gold speech urging for unlimited coinage of silver and other populist beliefs, ran in the election of 1896 but lost to McKinely. His defeat and the populist free silver movement initiated an era of republican dominance of the presidency

• John J. Pershing - an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916

• John Dewey - a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard

• Ida Tarbell - a "Muckraker" who wrote in the magazine McClure's (1921). As a younger woman, in 1904, Tarbell made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company

• Jacob Riis - A Muckraker, this man is famous for using photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century. Wrote "How the Other Half Lives" (1890)

• Robert LaFollete - a progressive politician from Wisconsin who served as governor and U.S. senator in the early 20th century. He advocated for political reforms to increase direct democracy, such as recall elections and primary nominations

• Hiram Johnson - A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican governor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics

• Florence Kelley - FDR’s secretary of labor; first female to be a cabinet member

• Upton Sinclair - wrote The Jungle; led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act

• Gifford Pinchot - head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

• Booker T. Washington - An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute

• WEB DuBois - black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• Margaret Sanger - American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's

• Henry Cabot Lodge - a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened

• Eugene Debs - helped organized the Socialist Democratic party; jailed under the espionage and sedition Acts

• Henry Ford - American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines

• Charles Lindberg - United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

• Billy Sunday - a Protestant fundamentalist who became famous in the 1870's and later. Except for child labor laws and women's rights, Sunday passionately hated progressive "Socialists"

• Clarence Darrow - A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible

• Al Capone - American gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era

• F. Scott Fitzgerald -  A novelist & chronicler of the Jazz Age. His novel The Great Gatsby (1925) exposed the shallowness of the lives of the wealthy & privileged of the era.

• George Gershwin - United States composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies

• Sigmund Freud - Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis

• Lanston Hughes - A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of African American life using southern black oral tradition

• Louis Armstrong - african american jazz musician and trumpet player

• Marcus Garvey - leader of the “back to africa” movement

• Warren Harding - 1921- 1923, President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy". A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular sitting U.S. presidents. After his death, a number of scandals were exposed, including Teapot Dome

• Albert B. Fall - United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal!

• Calvin Coolidge - “the business of america is business” replaced the corrupt Harding, restoring honesty to the presidency. He was a pro-business president, and continued the laissez-faire policies of Harding. This allowed for short-term prosperity from 1923-1929. He also accelerated tax cuts and wanted to keep tariffs in place.

• Herbert Hoover - (hoovervilles!) 1929-1933; did not do much about the depression except make it worse because he was afraid government involvement to fix it would be hurting Americans’ self reliance

• National Origins Immigration Act, 1929

• Stock market Crash, 1929 • Panic and Depression

• Hawley-Smoot tariff, 1930

Events:

• Imperialism Debates

  • Causes

    • Economic: new markets, raw materials

    • Political: competition with europe

    • Military: naval bases - Alfred T. Mahan - must have a strong navy

    • Ideological: social darwinism expanded - “white man’s burden” - cultural superiority

  • Pros and Cons

• Anti-Imperialist League (1898-1921)

  • Formed to protest american colonial oversight in the philippines

  • Heads of universities, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders

  • Strongest in the NE

  • Lobbying organization on US foreign policy

• Annexing Hawaii

  • In the 1820s american missionaries go to Hawaii for christian conversion

  • American sugar and pineapple planters begin buying up land

  • Various US interests want to annex hawaii; grover cleveland rejected annexation; mckinley supported in 1898

• Spanish American War and US Foreign Policy to 1917

  • The Spanish American War

    • Causes

      • Jingoism - intense nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy

      • Desire to become world power

      • Cuban revolt

        • Spanish - “the butcher” Weyler - sends 100,000 troops and forces rebels into camps

      • Jose Marti - provoked US intervention, cried Cuba Libre; feared US intervention because of threat of imperialism

      • Yellow Journalism: sensationalist reporting

        • Pulitzer (NY World) and Hearst (NY Journal)

      • DeLôme Letter - private letter that criticized McKinley/called him weak (published to the public by Hearst)

      • USS Maine - blew up in Havana’s harbor on Feb 15, 1898; newspapers claimed spain attacked the ship

  • “A Splendid Little War”

    • The philippines (may-aug 1898)

      • Spanish fleet destroyed, Manila was captured

    • Invasion of Cuba

      • Rough riders (teddy roosevelt) - San Juan Hill

      • Remainder of spanish fleet destroyed

    • Results of the the war

      • Treaty of Paris, 1898

        • Cuban independence

        • US gets puerto rico, guam, and philippines

    • The philippine question

      • Aguinaldo and the independence movement

        • Over 500,000 filipinos killed (variety of reasons)

    • Insular cases (1901-1904)

      • “Does the constitution follow the flag?” nope

    • Cuba

      • Platt Amendments - cuba is a US protectorate

  • Election of 1900

    • McKinley vs. Bryan

      • Debates over role of the US in the world

  • Open Door Policy in China

    • Spheres of influence

      • Germany, russia, great britain, and france controlled much of the trade and natural resources in China

    • Open Door Notes

      • Safeguard “equal and impartial trade with a all parts of the chinese empire” - John Hay

  • “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

    • Big Stick Diplomacy

      • Symbolizes roosevelt’s power and readiness to use military force if necessary

      • Imperialistic foreign policy

      • Great white fleet; roosevelt corollary

  • Panama Canal

    • Construction begins in 1904

    • Results of the canal

      • Travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific is reduced

      • The power and prestige of the US in enhanced

      • US/Latin american relations are severely damaged

  • Imperialism and peace in east asia

    • “Gentlemen’s Agreement” - 1908; US would not impose restrictions on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the US

  • Taft’s foreign policy

    • Dollar diplomacy

      • Investments would lead to greater stability

      • China: secured american participation in railroads in 1911

  • Woodrow Wilson’s foreign affairs

    • Wilson’s moral diplomacy

      • Spread democracy

        • secretary of state: william jennings bryan

    • The philippines

      • Jones Act (1916) - full territorial status - bill of rights and universal male suffrage - independence with stable government

    • Puerto Rico

      • Gave US citizenship

    • Panama Canal

      • Repeal US toll exemption

• The Progressive Era

  • Causes

    • industrialization/urbanization

    • The progressive movement

  • Effects

    • Political: expanded suffrage, decline of political machines, increased party influence

    • Social: expanded worker’s rights, assimilation of immigrants, civil rights movement

    • Economic: conservation, business regulation, consumer protection, reformed banking system

  • Progressives

    • Protestant church leaders, african americans, union leaders, and feminists

    • Mostly the urban middle class

    • Social gospel movement applied christian ethics to social problems especially urban poverty

  • Beliefs

    • Society needs to limit the power of big business, improve democracy and achieve social justice

    • Government should make these changes

    • Specific leaders: teddy roosevelt; robert lafollette; william jennings bryan; and woodrow wilson

  • Muckrakers

    • Authors and journalists exposed society’s ills

      • Jacob Riis (how the other half lives, 1890) - photographs in NYC

      • Ida Tarbell (history of standard oil, 1902)

      • Upton Sinclair (the jungle, 1906)

  • State Political Reforms

    • Voter participation

      • Secret ballot

      • Direct election of senators (17th amendment)

      • Initiative - bill that originates in the people

      • Referendum - people directly vote on a law

      • Recall - ability to remove an elected official

    • Social reform

      • Temperance and prohibition: by 1915, ⅔ of states prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages

      • Social Welfare - Jane Addams/Florence Kelley

        • Educational reform, prison reform, improved condition in tenements and factories

    • Labor

      • National Child Labor Committee

      • Compulsory School Attendance laws

      • Lochner v. New York (1905) - ruled against limiting the workday to 10 hours

      • Muller v. Oregon (1908) - ruled that health of women needed special protection from long hours

    • Working Conditions and Safety

      • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) - NY, 146 (mostly women) workers killed

  • Roosevelt’s 3 C's - Square Deal

    • Control of corporations

    • Consumer protection

    • Conservation of natural resources

  • National Reform

    • The Coal Strike of 1902

      • Roosevelt threatened to send in federal troops to nationalize the mines

      • First time the president stepped in to help workers in a labor dispute

    • Trust busting

      • Northern securities - broke up railroad monopolies

      • Distinguished good vs. bad trusts

    • Railroad Regulation

      • ICC expansion

        • Elkins Act (1903)

        • Hepburn Act (1906)

    • Consumer protection

      • Impact of The Jungle

        • Pure food and drug act (1906)

        • Meat Inspection Act (1906)

    • Conservation

      • Increased scope of forest reserve act

      • National conservation commission

        • Gifford Pinchot (US forest service)

  • Taft’s Presidency

    • Trust busting: over 90 suits brought under the sherman antitrust act (US steel)

    • ICC expansion: Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

    • Economic changes: Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) - raised the tariff after he campaigned to lower it; supported the 16th amendment

  • Election of 1912

    • Candidates: taft (republican), roosevelt (bull moose), wilson (democrat), debs (socialist)

    • Campaign

      • Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”

      • Wilson’s “New Freedom” - trusts, tariffs, banks

  • Wilsonian Progressivism

    • Tariff reduction: Underwood Tariff (1913) - lowered the tariff significantly for the first time in 50 years

    • Banking reform: federal reserve act (1914) - first central banking system since 1836

    • Business regulation: Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) - “magna carta of labor;” federal trade commission - regulated trade, step forward consumer protection

  • African Americans in the Progressive Era

    • Washington v. DuBois

    • The great migration

      • Push factors: Jim Crow, crop destruction

      • Pull factors: industrial jobs, WWI

    • Civil rights organizations

      • Niagara Movement - DuBois (1905)

      • NAACP - 1908

      • National Urban League

  • Women in the Progressive Era

    • Campaign for suffrage

      • NAWSA (1900) - first wanted changes at state level

        • Carrie Chapman Catt

      • Militant Suffragists

        • Alice Paul - pickets, parades, hunger strikes

      • 19th amendment - (1920) prompted by WWI

    • Birth control

      • American birth control league (margaret sanger, 1921)

  • Progressive Amendments

    • 16: income tax

    • 17: direct election of senators

    • 18: prohibition

    • 19: women’s suffrage

• WWI Military and Diplomacy

  • Neutrality

    • Wilson issues statement of neutrality - wanted to protect US trade rights

    • British blockade of the north sea and german submarines challenged neutrality

      • After lusitania, germany issues the sussex pledge

  • American Opinions

    • US was economically ties with allies (GB or France)

      • British supply anti-german propaganda

    • German and irish american favor the central powers

  • Debates over war

    • Wilson rejected early republicans’ calls for preparedness but…

      • 1916 National defense act - increased the regular army to a force at almost 115,000

    • Opposition: socialists, progressives

    • Election of 1916 - “He kept us out of war” (wilson)

  • Decision for War

    • Unrestricted submarine warfare - sinking of US merchant ships

    • Zimmerman Telegram

    • Russian revolution

    • April 2 1917 - “the world must be made safe for democracy”

  • Fighting the war

    • Trench warfare and new weapons - heavily artillery, machine guns, poison gas, and airplanes

    • German unrestricted submarine warfare was effective in sinking merchant ships - US navy uses convoy system

  • Making peace

    • Wilson wanted “peace without victory;” europeans wanted revenge

    • Wilson’s 14 points - last point was controversial: League of Nations

    • Big 4 meet at versailles (Georges, Clemeanceau, Orlando, Wilson)

  • Treaty of Versailles

    • Punishes germany

      • Must abandon their colonies in Asia and Africa

      • War guilt clause

      • Reparations to GB and France

    • The League of Nations: each member of the league to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations

  • The Battle for Ratification

    • Republican Henry Cabot Lodge opposed the treaty

    • Irreconcilables - vehemently opposed US participation in the league

    • Reservationists - could accept the league if certain changes were made in the treaty

    • After Wilson left office in 1921 (Rep. Warren G. Harding); the US officially made peace with Germany

• The Homefront

  • Mobilization

    • War industries board - Baruch - controls raw materials and prices

    • Food administration - Hoover - conservation of food

    • Fuel administration - efforts to conserve coal

    • Railroad administration - public control of railroads

    • National war labor board - control workers and pay

  • Mobilization: public opinions

    • George creel and the committee of public information: depicted the heroism of the US soldiers in the forms of films, posters, and public speakers

  • Civil liberties

    • Espionage and Sedition Acts - prohibited anti-war ideas and speech

      • Eugene Debs is jailed

    • Schenck v. SCOTUS: upheld the espionage act and stated free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger”

  • Aimed forces

    • Selective service act of 1917: draft for men 21-30

    • African americans serve in segregated units

      • Hoped service abroad would help win rights at home

  • Postwar problems

    • 1918 pandemic - spanish flu spreads worldwide

    • Red scare - anti-german hysteria becomes anti-communist fear

      • Xenophobia

    • Palmer raids - mass arrests of anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators

    • Labor conflict - public opinions shift against unions

  • American society

    • Women - fill void in factories, earn the 19th amendment

    • Mexicans - jobs and revolution in mexico encourage migration, work in agriculture and mining

    • Great migration

      • African americans seek jobs in the northern cities, leave racial violence in the south, and limited economic opportunities

• Innovations in communication and technology

• Economic development

  • Characteristics

    • Post war recession (1921) followed by lengthy business prosperity (1922-1928)

    • High standard of living

    • Low unemployment (<4%)

    • Oil and gas took over as the fuel for the factories

    • Increased wages for middle and working classes

      • Did not extend to farmers or the working poor

• A consumer economy

  • New appliances

    • Refrigerators, vacuums, washing machines

  • Increased sales

    • Advertising

    • Buying on credit

    • Installment plans

• Impact of the automobile

  • Economic

    • Affected other industries

    • Gas, steel, glass, rubber, roads, travel

  • Social

    • Independence for women and teens

    • Shopping, travel, commuting

  • Model T

    • Mass production and the assembly line

    • Brought the automobile to the people - Detroit

    • “5 dollar day, 40 hour week”

• Economic Problems

  • Farms

    • Massive debt

  • New technology increased production, issues with prices and loans

  • Labor

    • Declining union membership

    • Fears of socialism

    • Inefficient strikes

      • United mine workers

      • Conservative court injunctions

• Entertainment

  • The radio (1920): promoted uniformity and advertising

  • Hollywood

    • “Talkies” (the Jazz Singer)

    • “Movie stars” (Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo)

  • Popular heroes

    • Sports: jack dempsey, babe ruth

    • Aviation: lindbergh, earhart

  • Jazz

    • Jazz represented the new and modern culture, blending traditional african music with american music

• Cultural and Political Controversies in the 1920s

  • Values in conflict

    • Religion

      • Modernism

      • Fundamentalism

    • The Scopes “Monkey” Trial (TN, 1925)

      • Evolution on trial - scopes taught darwinism in TN

      • Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan

      • Shows struggle between religion and science

  • Prohibition

    • 18th amendment (1919)

      • Volstead Act

        • Under-resourced and underfunded

      • Defying the law

        • Bootleggers and speakeasies

        • Organized crime

          • Al Capone

        • Alcohol consumption increased

      • Political discord and repeal

        • “Noble experiment” created more problems than it solved

        • 21st amendment (1933) - repealed

  • Nativism

    • Government policies

      • Emergency Quota Act (1921)

      • 1924 Immigration Act

    • Sacco and Vanzetti (1921)

      • Italians/anarchists sentenced to death

    • Rebirth of the KKK

      • The Birth of a Nation

      • Tactics

        • Targeted “un-americans”

  • Gender Roles, Family, and Education

    • Women at home

      • Gender roles reinforced - new appliances

    • Women in the labor force

      • Following the war, went home or to secretarial work

    • Revolution in morals

      • Birth control

      • “Flappers”

      • Married later, diverse increases

    • Education

      • Importance of schooling

      • Path toward assimilation for immigrants

  • The Arts

    • The “lost generation”

    • Writers: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway

      • The Great Gatsby

    • Art Deco

  • The Harlem Renaissance

    • Jazz

      • Originates in African-American New Orleans

    • Poets and musicians

      • Claude mckay, langston hughes, zora neale hurston

      • Duke ellington, louis armstrong, bessie smith, billie holiday

    • United Negro Improvement Association (1916)

      • Marcus garvey’s “back-to-africa” movement - argued blacks would never be treated justly in a country ruled by whites

• The Harding Administration

  • Return to normalcy: americans were done with reforms and witch hunts of the red scare

  • Plagued by scandals of the ohio gang

  • Andrew mellon - secretary of treasury

    • Pro-business legislation, opposed income tax, reduced spending

  • Domestic policy

    • Reduced income tax

    • Increased tariff (Fordney-McCumber, 1922); pro-business attitudes

  • The downfall

    • Scandals!

      • Teapot Dome - leased navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to provide oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates

    • Death (august 1923)

• Presidency of Calvin Coolidge

  • “Silent cal” - the business of america is business

  • Election of 1924

    • Coolidge (rep), Davis (dem), LaFollete (p)

  • Vetoes and inaction

  • Cut spending

    • No bonuses to WWI

    • Vetoed bill that aimed to help farmers with low crop prices

• Election of 1928

  • Herbert hoover (rep)

    • Administrative roles under the previous presidents

  • Alfred E. Smith (dem)

    • Governor of NY; catholic; pro-drinking

• The Great Depression

  • Underlying causes of the depression

    • uneven distribution of wealth

    • Speculation in the stock market

    • Excessive use of credit

    • Weak farm economy

    • Government policies

    • Run on banks

  • The 1929 Crash

    • 1920s “boom” economy/bull-market (stock market) continued to climb

    • Black thursday - October 24, 1929

    • Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929 - selling frenzy on wall street

  • Effects

    • Economic

      • Income declined 50%

      • 20% of banks fail

      • Unemployment 25%

    • Political

      • End of republican dominance

      • Switch to larger government

    • Social

      • Affected all classes - poverty and evictions

• President Hoover’s Policies

  • Originally preached “rugged individualism” and self-reliance

  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff

    • Highest peacetime tariff in history

    • Caused retaliatory tariffs and reduced international trade

  • Reconstruction finance corporation

    • Created to help bankrupt railroads, banks, etc.

    • “Trickle down”

  • Bonus March

    • 1000 unemployed WWI veterans marched on DC, demanding early payment of a war bonus

    • Damaged Hoover’s public image - vets and other families were evacuated by military tanks and tear gas

• The New Deal

  • Election of 1932

    • Franklin Roosevelt v. Hoover

    • FDR’s New Deal - relief, recovery, reform

      • End of prohibition and aid for the unemployed

  • FDR

    • Ran for VP in 1920

    • Paralyzed by polio in 1921

    • Married Elenor

  • New Deal Philosophy

    • Relief for the needy

    • Recovery for business/the economy

    • Reform of american culture

    • Brain trust

      • Specialists in law, economics, and welfare - helped develop new deal policies

      • Frances Perkins - secretary of labor; first female cabinet member

  • First 100 Days

    • AAA - subsidized farming

    • CCC - jobs on federal land

    • FDIC - insurance for deposits

    • Glass-Steagall Banking - increased regulations on banks

    • SEC - regulates the stock market

  • Other Actions

    • Bank Holiday - FDR closed all banks until congress could meet to consider bank reform legislation

    • Worked to repeal prohibition - 21st amendment in 1933

    • Fireside chats

    • Removal of the gold standard

  • Second New Deal

    • Focused on reform

    • WPA - created millions of jobs

    • Tax changes - increased tax on the wealthy, tax on large gifts from parents to children, tax capital gains

    • Social security - government funded retirement, aid for mothers and the disabled

• New Deal Critics

  • Liberals/socialists 

    • New deal was not doing enough

    • Dr. francis townsend - wanted a sales tax to fund the government

    • Huey long - “share our wealth;” promising a minimal annual income of $5,000 for every american family through a wealth tax

  • Conservative critics

    • Father charles coughlin - anti-FDR catholic priest; radio host; supported nationalizing the banks

    • The supreme court - declared the AAA and the national recovery act unconstitutional

      • FDR attempts “supreme court packing”

• Labor Unions and Workers’ Rights

  • Wagner Act: legalized labor unions

    • Union membership more than tripled

  • CIO: included minority workers and unskilled workers

    • AFL was competition

  • Fair labor standards act

    • Set a minimum wage ($0.40/hr), a 40hr work week, with time-and-a-half overtime, and restrictions on hiring people under 16

• Life During the Depression

  • Dust Bowl: forced migration of “okies” (grapes of wrath)

  • African americans - unemployment at 50%

    • Many new deal programs were segregated or completely excluded african americans

  • Native americans

    • Returned reservation lands to tribes and supported the preservation of native american culture

• Interwar Policy

  • Post WWI agreements

    • Washington conference - 1921; US pushes for disarmament

      • 5 power treaty, 4 power treaty, 9 power treaty

    • Kellogg-Briand Pact

      • Renounced wars for national purposes

      • Permitted defense wars

      • No punishment for violators of the pact

  • War debts and reparations

    • WWI made the US a “creditor nation” for the first time - demanded GB and France to pay their war debts

    • Dawes Plan: plan to lend Germany money to rebuild their economy, which led to repayment of reparations

  • Herbert Hoover’s foreign policy - isolationism

    • Japanese aggression in manchuria

      • Defies open-door policy and league of nations

      • Stimson doctrine - US refuses to recognize manchukuo 

    • Latin america

      • Removed troops from nicaragua and haiti

  • FDR’s foreign policies

    • Good neighbor policy

      • Businesses can’t invest in foreign operations

      • Corporations in order to avert threats

      • Pan-American Conference - FDR goes against roosevelt corollary declaring never to intervene in the internal affairs of latin america

    • Cuba

      • Nullified the platt amendment (1934); kept guantanamo naval base

• Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism

  • American isolationists

    • Lessons of WWI

      • Nye Commission - concluded WWI had been a mistake driven by foreign investments; “merchants of death”

    • Neutrality Acts

      • 1935 prohibited arms shipments and forbade americans to sail on belligerent ships

      • 1936 forbade loans to belligerent nations

      • America first committee - lindberg; warns against involvement in european affairs

  • Prelude to War

    • FDR’s quarantine speech (1937) - unpopular, proposed strong US measures against overseas aggressors

    • Preparedness - increased military spending

  • Neutrality to War

    • Outbreak of war in europe

      • German-soviet nonaggression pact

      • Invasion of poland - beginning of the war

      • German blitzkrieg

  • Changing US policy

    • Churchill-roosevelt relationship

    • “Cash and carry”

      • 1939 neutrality acts

    • Selective service acts (1940)

      • 1.2 million trained

    • Arsenal of democracy

      • Election of 1940; “your boys will not be sent overseas”

      • 4 freedoms: speech, worship, from fear, from want

    • Lend-Lease Act (1941): FDR lends equipment to any country to help it defend itself

      • Atlantic charter

      • Blueprint for UN

  • Pearl Harbor

    • December 7th, 1941

    • Declaration of War

      • Germany and Italy declare war on the US

• WWII: Mobilization

  • Federal government

    • War protection board (1942)

    • Office of price administration

    • Spending and debt increase

    • Office of research and development

    • Financing the war - income tax

      • War bonds

    • Propaganda

      • Office of war information

  • War’s Impact on Society

    • African americans

      • Mass migration from the south

      • “Double V” Campaign - 500,000 serve

      • Tuskegee airmen

    • CORE (1942)

      • March on washington

      • A. Phillip Randolph

    • Mexican-Americans

      • Bracero program - mexican farmers come to the US

    • American Indians

      • Navajo Code Talkers

    • Japanese Americans

      • Executive order 9066

        • Internment

        • Korematsu v. US (1944)

      • Nisei soldiers

        • Domestic: break codes

        • Fought in the western front

    • Women

      • 200,000 serve in uniform

      • 5 million enter the workforce

        • 24% increase in married women working

        • Received lower pay than male counterparts

    • Election of 1944

      • FDR runs with VP Harry Truman

• WWII Military

  • Fighting germany

    • Battle of the atlantic: allies needed to keep the flow of men and supplies between north america and europe

    • Operation torch: american and british troops invaded german occupied north africa, went to italy

    • June 6th, 1944: largest invasion by sea in history on the beaches of normandy - D-Day

  • Victory in Europe

    • August 1944, paris is liberated

    • September 1944, the allies cross the german border

    • December 1944, the germans launched a counterattack at the battle of the bulge

    • Soviets were closing in on berlin, hitler commits suicide

    • VE day: may 8, 1945

  • Fighting Japan

    • Largely left to the US due to their navy

    • 1942: midway; turning point - ending japanese expansion

      • Island hopping

      • Kamikazes: suicide pilots

    • Atomic bombs

      • J. Robert Oppenheimer - Manhattan Project

      • Truman tells the japanese they must surrender or suffer “utter destruction”

      • Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

      • VJ Day: august 15, 1945

• WWII and Post-War Diplomacy

  • The big three

    • FDR, churchill, and stalin

    • Casablanca 1943

      • Italian invasion and unconditional surrender

    • Tehran 1943

      • Liberation of France, soviet invasion of Germany

  • Yalta

    • Feb 1945

      • Germany divided into 4

      • Free elections in eastern europe

      • Soviets to join war against japan

  • Potsdam

    • Death of FDR (truman)

    • Replacement of churchill (attlee)

    • Resolutions

      • unconditional surrender of japan

      • Criminal prosecution of Nazi leaders (nuremberg)

• United Nations

  • April 1945 - san francisco

  • Collective measures

    • Settle disputes peacefully

  • General assembly

    • 50 nations

  • Security council

    • 11 countries

    • 5 permanent seats with veto power

      • US, China, GB, France, and Soviet Union

Period 8 🚀: Cold War World (1945-1980) 

Heimler’s History Link

People to Know:

• Harry Truman - President of US after the death of FDR, present at Potsdam, made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan

• Joseph Stalin - Leader of USSR during WWII, met with FDR and Churchill during the war to discuss strategy and policy, frightened by atomic bomb in the hands of US- start of Cold War

• Winston Churchill - Leader of Great Britain during WWII, friends with FDR prior to war, led to the US taking sides with the British early on while remaining “neutral” with cash and carry and lend lease. Present at major meetings during WWII besides Potsdam

• George Marshall - secretary of state under Truman, in 1947 proposed that the United States provide economic assistance to restore the economic infrastructure of postwar Europe-> The Marshall Plan (to remember what this was, Marshall Plan = Money)

• George Kennan - formulated the policy of containment that would characterize US foreign policy during the Cold War- prevent the spread of Communism

• Douglas MacArthur -  Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, he escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific, Received the Medal of Honor

• John F. Kennedy - Won election of 1960 against Nixon, televised debates (won bc he was likeable), progressive policies but not much was passed as he was assassinated in 1963

• John Foster Dulles - Eisenhower's Secretary of State, drafted the "policy of boldness" designed to confront Soviet aggression with the threat of "massive retaliation" via thermonuclear weapons

• Nikita Khrushchev - led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, serving as premier from 1958 to 1964. Though he largely pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West, he instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis by placing nuclear weapons 90 miles from Florida.

• Fidel Castro - Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such international affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

• Henry Kissinger - National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973.

• Alger Hiss - A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy, he could not be tried for espionage because of the statute of limitations

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - Ethel Rosenberg was an American citizen who, along with her husband Julius, was executed for espionage in 1953 after being accused of sharing secrets about nuclear technology with the Soviet Union during World War II.

• Joseph McCarthy -  was a U.S. senator from Wisconsin who, in the 1950s, claimed that numerous communists and Soviet spies had infiltrated the United States government. His accusations led to investigations and hearings that became known as the "Red Scare." Think McCarthyism

• Dwight Eisenhower -1953-1961, Republican

• 22nd Amendment 

• Brown v. Board (1954)

• the "race for space" 

• SEATO

• Eisenhower Doctrine 

• Suez Crisis, 1956

• Massive Retaliation

• Beatniks - Group of young poets, writers and artists. They wrote harsh critiques of what they considered the sterility and conformity of American Life, the meaningless of American politics and the banality of popular culture.

• Thurgood Marshall - American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued in early 1950s with a team of NAACP lawyers in Brown v. BOE

• Earl Warren - appointed Chief Justice the Supreme Court by Eisenhowerin 1953, he was principally known for moving the Court to the left in defense of civil and individual rights in such cases as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

• Rosa Parks - NAACP leader in Montgomery, Alabama, started the bus boycott in 1955 by refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white passenger (she was chosen for this, not actually the first- Claudette Colvin). She became a leading symbol of the spirit of the Civil Rights Movement and the cause of racial equality

• MLK Jr. - civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, founded the SCLC in 1957, was an outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s, most famously during the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered the "I Have a Dream Speech," assassinated in Memphis in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers' strike

• Robert Kennedy - younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. In 1968, the night of the California primary, Robert Kennedy was shot and killed 

• George Wallace - Southern populist and and segregationist, as governor of Alabama, he famously defended his state's policies of racial segregation. He ran for president several times as a Democrat, but achieved his greatest influence when he ran as a third-party candidate in 1968, winning five states.

• Richard Nixon - ran unsuccessfully for president against JFK in 1960 but was elected in 1968, conservative (appealed to “silent majority”), CREEP campaign to get him re-elected led to him resigning amid the Watergate scandal in 1974

• Lyndon Johnson - assumed the presidency after Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Was responsible for liberal programs such as the Great Society, War on Poverty, and civil rights legislation, as well as the escalation of the Vietnam war

• Rachel Carson - American conservationist whose 1962 book "Silent Spring" galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s.

• Malcolm X - Similarly to the whole Booker T. Washington and WEB Du Bois, this is MLK and Malcolm X. a Black Muslim minister in the Nation of Islam and an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience. As the nation's most visible proponent of Black Nationalism, Malcolm X's challenge to the multiracial, nonviolent approach of Martin Luther King, Jr., helped set the tone for the ideological and tactical conflicts that took place within the black freedom struggle of the 1960s.

• Stokely Carmichael - a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee.

• Betty Friedan - feminist author of "The Feminine Mystique" in 1960, her book sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement

• César Chávez - An activist who advocated for better rights for Mexican Americans and one of the founders of the United Farm Workers. SIG: He helped inspire the Chicano movement. He called for a boycott of table grapes and staged a hunger strike which led to the recognition of the UFW by California grape growers.

• Gerald Ford - President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency.

• Jimmy Carter - resident of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979.