BIO Practical 1 Review

Metric and Imperial Systems

• Countries using metric or mainly metric systems in 2019: most countries.
• Countries using mainly imperial systems in 2019: Myanmar, Liberia, USA.
• Countries with mixed usage (e.g., Canada, Australia, India): Imperial units may be used for vital statistics, living and commercial spaces, oven temperatures, and recipes.

Metric System Prefixes

• Exa: Symbol E, Multiplier 10^{18}, 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
• Peta: Symbol P, Multiplier 10^{15}, 1,000,000,000,000,000
• Tera: Symbol T, Multiplier 10^{12}, 1,000,000,000,000
• Giga: Symbol G, Multiplier 10^9, 1,000,000,000
• Mega: Symbol M, Multiplier 10^6, 1,000,000
• Kilo: Symbol k, Multiplier 10^3, 1,000
• Hecto: Symbol h, Multiplier 10^2, 100
• Deka: Symbol da, Multiplier 10^1, 10
• Deci: Symbol d, Multiplier 10^{-1}, 0.1
• Meter: Symbol m, Value 1
• Centi: Symbol c, Multiplier 10^{-2}, 0.01
• Milli: Symbol m, Multiplier 10^{-3}, 0.001
• Micro: Symbol µ, Multiplier 10^{-6}, 0.000001
• Nano: Symbol n, Multiplier 10^{-9}, 0.000000001
• Pico: Symbol p, Multiplier 10^{-12}, 0.000000000001
• Femto: Symbol f, Multiplier 10^{-15}, 0.000000000000001
• Atto: Symbol a, Multiplier 10^{-18}, 0.000000000000000001

Metric System Conversions

• Kilo (k) = 1,000 times
• Hecto (h) = 100 times
• Deka (dk) = 10 times
• Deci (d) = one tenth
• Centi (c) = one hundredth
• Milli (m) = one thousandth
• Micro (µ) = one millionth
• Converting Larger to Smaller Units: Move the decimal to the right.
• Converting Smaller to Larger Units: Move the decimal to the left.
• Mnemonic: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk

The Scientific Method

• Observation: Something weird happens.
• Question: What happened to make it weird?
• Hypothesis: If the weird is caused by this, then I should see that.
• Experiment: Test to recreate/explain the weird.
• Analysis: Prove it.
• Conclusion: Now we know why.
• Publication: Let’s publish.

Variables in Experiments

• Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated/changed.
• Dependent Variable: The variable that is influenced by the independent variable.
• Example: Does sleep impact test scores? Independent variable: amount of sleep. Dependent variable: test scores.
• Control Group: The group that doesn't receive any intervention.
• Experimental Group: The group that receives the treatment.
• Example: Will student test scores be affected by distracting sounds? Control group: Testing environment without distracting sounds. Experimental group: Testing environment with distracting sounds.

Graph Construction

• Plot points accurately.
• Use different symbols, lines, or bar colors to distinguish between responses.
• Label both axes with SI units of measurement.
• The responding variable is plotted on the vertical (y) axis.
• The manipulated variable/treatment is on the horizontal (x) axis.
• Graphs should have a concise, explanatory title and be numbered consecutively.
• Include a key to identify symbols.
• Show data spread around the mean using standard deviation with error bars.
• Use appropriate scales for each axis, based on maximum and minimum values.
• Breaks in an axis allow economical use of space.
• Floating axes allow data points to be plotted away from the vertical axis.

Anatomical Terminology

• Frontal: Forehead
• Orbital: Eye area
• Otic: Ear
• Nasal: Nose area
• Buccal: Cheek
• Oral: Mouth
• Mental: Chin
• Cervical: Neck
• Thoracic: Chest
• Brachial: Arm
• Acromial: Shoulder
• Axillary: Armpit

Anatomical Structures

• Diaphragm
• Pericardial Cavity
• Pleural Cavity
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Superior Vena Cava
• Thyroid Gland
• Aorta
• Left Lung
• Heart
• Liver
• Stomach
• Jejunum
• Ascending Colon
• Cecum
• Transverse Colon
• Descending Colon
• Ileum
• Cross-section of penis showing urethra

Abdominal Regions

• Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac
• Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar
• Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac

Abdominal Quadrants

• Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant
• Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant

Cell Structure

• Peroxisome
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosome
• Chromatin in Nucleoplasm
• Mitochondrion
• Vesicle
• Centriole
• Centrosome
• Nuclear Pore
• Nuclear Envelope
• Nucleolus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Division Stages

• Interphase: Intact nuclear envelope
• Prophase: No nuclear envelope, duads floating
• Metaphase: Duads along the equatorial plane, spindle fibers and centrioles present
• Anaphase: Chromatids, spindle fibers and centrioles present
• Telophase: Cleavage furrow

Epithelial Tissues

• Simple Squamous Epithelium: Nucleus visible.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Apical end, basement membrane, nucleus.
• Simple Columnar Epithelium: Apical end, nucleus, goblet cell, basement membrane.
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Apical end, nucleus, basement membrane.

Connective Tissues

• Blood Connective Tissue: Erythrocyte, Thrombocyte, Plasma, Leukocyte.
• Bone (Osseous) Connective Tissue: Lamella (rings), Canaliculi, Haversian Canal, Osteocytes in Lacunae.
• Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue: Chondrocytes in Lacunae.
• Areolar Connective Tissue: Fibroblast, Macrophage, Mast Cell.
• White Fibrous Connective Tissue: Fibroblast, Collagenous fibers.
• Adipose Connective Tissue: Adipocyte (fat cell).

Muscle Tissues

• Skeletal Muscle Tissue: Striations, Nucleus.
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Intercalated disks, slight striations, branching fibers, nucleus.
• Smooth Muscle Tissue: Spindle shaped fiber, nucleus.

Skin Structure

• Hair Shaft
• Stratum Corneum
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis
• Meissner's Corpuscle
• Sebaceous Gland
• Arrector Pili Muscle
• Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous)
• Stratum Basale
• Capillary Loops in Dermal Papillae
• Adipose Connective Tissue
• Pacinian Corpuscle