BIO Practical 1 Review

Metric and Imperial Systems

  • Countries using metric or mainly metric systems in 2019: most countries.
  • Countries using mainly imperial systems in 2019: Myanmar, Liberia, USA.
  • Countries with mixed usage (e.g., Canada, Australia, India): Imperial units may be used for vital statistics, living and commercial spaces, oven temperatures, and recipes.

Metric System Prefixes

  • Exa: Symbol E, Multiplier 10^{18}, 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
  • Peta: Symbol P, Multiplier 10^{15}, 1,000,000,000,000,000
  • Tera: Symbol T, Multiplier 10^{12}, 1,000,000,000,000
  • Giga: Symbol G, Multiplier 10^9, 1,000,000,000
  • Mega: Symbol M, Multiplier 10^6, 1,000,000
  • Kilo: Symbol k, Multiplier 10^3, 1,000
  • Hecto: Symbol h, Multiplier 10^2, 100
  • Deka: Symbol da, Multiplier 10^1, 10
  • Deci: Symbol d, Multiplier 10^{-1}, 0.1
  • Meter: Symbol m, Value 1
  • Centi: Symbol c, Multiplier 10^{-2}, 0.01
  • Milli: Symbol m, Multiplier 10^{-3}, 0.001
  • Micro: Symbol µ, Multiplier 10^{-6}, 0.000001
  • Nano: Symbol n, Multiplier 10^{-9}, 0.000000001
  • Pico: Symbol p, Multiplier 10^{-12}, 0.000000000001
  • Femto: Symbol f, Multiplier 10^{-15}, 0.000000000000001
  • Atto: Symbol a, Multiplier 10^{-18}, 0.000000000000000001

Metric System Conversions

  • Kilo (k) = 1,000 times
  • Hecto (h) = 100 times
  • Deka (dk) = 10 times
  • Deci (d) = one tenth
  • Centi (c) = one hundredth
  • Milli (m) = one thousandth
  • Micro (µ) = one millionth
  • Converting Larger to Smaller Units: Move the decimal to the right.
  • Converting Smaller to Larger Units: Move the decimal to the left.
  • Mnemonic: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk

The Scientific Method

  • Observation: Something weird happens.
  • Question: What happened to make it weird?
  • Hypothesis: If the weird is caused by this, then I should see that.
  • Experiment: Test to recreate/explain the weird.
  • Analysis: Prove it.
  • Conclusion: Now we know why.
  • Publication: Let’s publish.

Variables in Experiments

  • Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated/changed.
  • Dependent Variable: The variable that is influenced by the independent variable.
  • Example: Does sleep impact test scores? Independent variable: amount of sleep. Dependent variable: test scores.
  • Control Group: The group that doesn't receive any intervention.
  • Experimental Group: The group that receives the treatment.
  • Example: Will student test scores be affected by distracting sounds? Control group: Testing environment without distracting sounds. Experimental group: Testing environment with distracting sounds.

Graph Construction

  • Plot points accurately.
  • Use different symbols, lines, or bar colors to distinguish between responses.
  • Label both axes with SI units of measurement.
  • The responding variable is plotted on the vertical (y) axis.
  • The manipulated variable/treatment is on the horizontal (x) axis.
  • Graphs should have a concise, explanatory title and be numbered consecutively.
  • Include a key to identify symbols.
  • Show data spread around the mean using standard deviation with error bars.
  • Use appropriate scales for each axis, based on maximum and minimum values.
  • Breaks in an axis allow economical use of space.
  • Floating axes allow data points to be plotted away from the vertical axis.

Anatomical Terminology

  • Frontal: Forehead
  • Orbital: Eye area
  • Otic: Ear
  • Nasal: Nose area
  • Buccal: Cheek
  • Oral: Mouth
  • Mental: Chin
  • Cervical: Neck
  • Thoracic: Chest
  • Brachial: Arm
  • Acromial: Shoulder
  • Axillary: Armpit

Anatomical Structures

  • Diaphragm
  • Pericardial Cavity
  • Pleural Cavity
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Aorta
  • Left Lung
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Jejunum
  • Ascending Colon
  • Cecum
  • Transverse Colon
  • Descending Colon
  • Ileum
  • Cross-section of penis showing urethra

Abdominal Regions

  • Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac
  • Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar
  • Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac

Abdominal Quadrants

  • Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant
  • Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant

Cell Structure

  • Peroxisome
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Chromatin in Nucleoplasm
  • Mitochondrion
  • Vesicle
  • Centriole
  • Centrosome
  • Nuclear Pore
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nucleolus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Division Stages

  • Interphase: Intact nuclear envelope
  • Prophase: No nuclear envelope, duads floating
  • Metaphase: Duads along the equatorial plane, spindle fibers and centrioles present
  • Anaphase: Chromatids, spindle fibers and centrioles present
  • Telophase: Cleavage furrow

Epithelial Tissues

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium: Nucleus visible.
  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Apical end, basement membrane, nucleus.
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium: Apical end, nucleus, goblet cell, basement membrane.
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Apical end, nucleus, basement membrane.

Connective Tissues

  • Blood Connective Tissue: Erythrocyte, Thrombocyte, Plasma, Leukocyte.
  • Bone (Osseous) Connective Tissue: Lamella (rings), Canaliculi, Haversian Canal, Osteocytes in Lacunae.
  • Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue: Chondrocytes in Lacunae.
  • Areolar Connective Tissue: Fibroblast, Macrophage, Mast Cell.
  • White Fibrous Connective Tissue: Fibroblast, Collagenous fibers.
  • Adipose Connective Tissue: Adipocyte (fat cell).

Muscle Tissues

  • Skeletal Muscle Tissue: Striations, Nucleus.
  • Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Intercalated disks, slight striations, branching fibers, nucleus.
  • Smooth Muscle Tissue: Spindle shaped fiber, nucleus.

Skin Structure

  • Hair Shaft
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
  • Meissner's Corpuscle
  • Sebaceous Gland
  • Arrector Pili Muscle
  • Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous)
  • Stratum Basale
  • Capillary Loops in Dermal Papillae
  • Adipose Connective Tissue
  • Pacinian Corpuscle