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The First World War: Test
Name: ANDREW COHEN
World History Honors
Mr. Luke
TEST REVIEW GUIDE
The First World War
Testing Date: Tuesday, February 25th 2025
Test Format: Multiple-choice and open-ended questions.
Causation of the First World War:
Key Terms (and definitions in next bullet point):
Militarism:
The growing desire amongst European governments to retain a strong military and use it aggressively
Arms Races:
Tensions increased due to growing militaries, especially the German Naval build-up, which threatened Great Britain.
Nationalism:
Nationalist rivalries were increasing tensions - particularly due to the growth of Pan-Slavism in Eastern Europe.
Imperialism:
Competition for overseas territories and colonial possessions had strained relations between European nations
Alliance Systems:
The European alliance system had split the continent into two “camps” - minor conflicts between the two nations could rapidly spread to other countries. (Triple Entente and Central powers)
Triple Entente:
The Alliance system of Great Britain, France, Russia, and [(Italy) - switched sides first year of the war, originally a central power]
Kaiser Wilhelm II had allowed Germany’s Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse, causing their feud. | Russia also supported the nations of Serbia and Montenegro.
Central Powers:
The Alliance system of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman empire
Balkan Crisis:
Russo-Turkish War (1878)
The war that was fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, in which Russia aimed to expand its influence in the Balkans, and gain control of the strategic Turkish Straits.
Congress of Berlin (1878)
Organized by Otto von Bismark, the Congress of Berlin was to prevent another war from breaking out in Eastern Europe. The Congress of Berlin was called to negotiate the future of the Balkans
Russia was not invited
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The two land claims that were not independent.
Later annexed by Austria-Hungary, which would provoke the First World War
Yugo-Slavism
The Ideology that all Balkan Slavs should be united into a single nation
Contrary to “pan slavism” where the idea was to have everyone be friendly and defend each other.
(Later united into failed country Yugoslavia)
Pan-Slavism
The Ideology that all Slavic peoples should support and defend each other.
The Black Hand
The secret organization by The Kingdom of Serbia that organized to kill the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
(FIND MORE OF THE MOTIVATIONS ETC.)
Gavrilo Princip
The best kid in the Black Hand, who shot and killed the Archduke Franz Ferdinand directly provoking The First World War.
Archduke Franz-Ferdinand
Franz-Josef’s I only heir to the throne.
The Black Hand assassinated him
Kaiser Wilhelm II
The Ruler of Germany during the time periods preceding, and throughout WWI.
Allowed for the Reinsurance Treaty to lapse, making way for the Franco-Russian Alliance.
Among other mistakes.
Serbian Ultimatum
An ultimatum issued by Austria-Hungary to provoke a war against Serbia
This was caused by the “Blank Check” (Full German Support for Austria Hungary)
Brought Russia into the war, (to protect Serbia), and Germany (to protect Austria, via blank Check) - DUE TO THE REINSURANCE TREATY BREAKING
Caused France to Join, as the Reinsurance Treaty was dropped (for Serbia, with Russia)
Later would cause Britain to join war with France and Russia
Tsar Nicholas II
The ruler of Russia during WWI
After supporting Serbia in the Wake of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand's assassination, (He opposed Germany even though they were cousins because the Reinsurance treaty lapsed)
Russian mobilization, and his strong support for Serbia, escalated the conflicts of the war
Reinsurance Treaty (significant)
The Reinsurance Treaty was an agreement between Germany and Russia, under which both nations pledged to never attack or make war upon one another.
It aimed to keep peace between the two powers. After Bismarks dismissal in 1890. The treaty was NOT RENEWED (because Kaiser Wilhelm thought that since he and Tsar Nicholas II were cousins they would not fight against each other so he didn't need the treaty - he was wrong), which led to the Franco-Russian Alliance.
Two-Front War
Referring to a war that is being fought on two fronts (i.e. WWI for Germany, in which the Western side was attacked by France, and the Eastern side was attacked by russia)
Very hard to win as it causes [the countries] forces to be split to effectively deal with both of the fronts (aka sides) that are dealing with war, splitting your armies strength in half, essentially.
Key Questions:
How did each of the following impact political relations and tensions in Europe prior to 1914 and help spark the First World War: (review chart in syllabus)
ANSWER: (The answer will proceed with the text below this as the acronym is provided below)
Militarism:
ANSWER: [Growing desire amongst European governments to retain a strong military and use it aggressively.] This increased tensions majorly, and caused arms races.
Arms Races:
ANSWER: [Tension increased due to growing militaries, especially the German naval build up, which threatened Great Britain.] This destroyed relationships as countries felt why did you need to build your army if you trusted me? Especially destroyed relationships between Germany and Britain as a result of the Anglo-German Naval Race.
Why were arms races a result of militarism?
ANSWER: Arms Races are a direct consequence of militarism because the focus on military buildup leads countries to expand and modernize their armed forces–{“why are you expanding your military - do you not trust me?” , causing them to expand too.} This competition cycle of military expansion fosters mutual distrust, and produces the arms race, and conflict!
What was the impact of the Anglo-German Naval Race?
ANSWER: The Anglo-German Naval Race [in which both countries–Germany, and Britain–attempted to make the stronger military] strained diplomatic tensions, as both nations viewed each other’s naval expansions as threats leading to a cycle of military buildup and countermeasures - DEEP MISTRUST.
Nationalism:
ANSWER: [Nationalist rivalries were increasing tensions - particularly due to the growth of Pan-slavism in Eastern Europe] Nationalism fostered conflict, and rivalry, as each nation seeked to assert its dominance.
Imperialism:
ANSWER: [Competition for overseas colonial possessions had strained relations between European nations] Imperialism fueled distrust, and strained relationships from previous matters, forming two sides of the war. Also intensified races for resources and stuff before the war.
Alliance Systems:
ANSWER: [European alliance system had split the continent into two “Camps” - minor conflict between two nations could rapidly spread to other countries.] These alliances (Triple entente and Central powers) were meant to create security, but they also increased the likelihood of war. If one country was attacked, its allies were bound by treaty to come to its defense, which meant that a conflict involving one nation could quickly escalate into a broader war.
Was it the intent of these alliances to promote or deter aggression?
ANSWER: I THINK that the primary intent of these alliances were to deter aggression by establishing mutual defense commitments among member nations. These alliances were designed to create a balance of power, making potential aggressors aware that attacking one member would lead to a collective response from allied nations. BUT inadvertently increased the risk of a broader conflict. The interlocking commitments meant that a localized dispute could quickly escalate into a large-scale war, as seen in the events leading up to World War I.
What risk was created due to the formation of two rival alliances?
ANSWER: The formation of two alliances, the Triple Entente and the Central Powers, created the risk of escalating a localized conflict into a global war due to mutual defense agreements.
Which nations ultimately were members of the Triple Entente?
ANSWER: FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, RUSSIA, (ITALY)
Kaiser Wilhelm II had allowed Germany's Reinsurance treaty to lapse, causing Russia to oppose him.
Russia supported of Serbia and Montenegro
***Italy switched sides during the opening years of the war; originally a member of the Central Powers***
Which nations were ultimately members of the Central Powers?
ANSWER: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, OTTOMAN EMPIRE, (ITALY)
Italy left the Central Powers after the opening years of the war
Why were the Balkans considered the “powder keg” of Europe prior to 1914?
ANSWER: The Balkans were called the “powder keg” of Europe before 1914 due to ethnic tensions, rising nationalism, and the decline of the ottoman empire. - Like a gun barrel, ready to explode into war at any given moment
What were the origins of the Balkan Crisis? (Review discussion readings)
ANSWER: The origins of the Balkan Crisis were rooted in the decline of the Ottoman Empire, rising nationalist movements, and ethnic tensions. Competing interests from major powers like Austria-Hungary and Russia also played a role. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913), driven by territorial disputes, further escalated tensions, setting the stage for World War I. (AI WAS USED TO GENERATE THAT)
How did the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 impact both the Balkans and relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia?
ANSWER:
Due to the Congress of Berlin, what territorial changes occurred in the Balkans and what specifically outraged Slavic nationalists?
ANSWER: Bosnia and Herzegovina: These territories were placed under Austro-Hungarian administration, despite their significant slavic populations. Furthermore, the Balkans were divided into smaller countries, each too weak to pose a threat to Austria-Hungary on their own, The Kingdom of Bulgaria The Kingdom of Serbia The Principality of Montenegro The Kingdom of Romania.
What did the ethnic nationalist ideology of Yugo-Slavism call for? How did this pair with the other ethnic nationalist ideology of Pan-Slavism?
ANSWER: The Ideology of Yugo-Slavism advocated for a unified state under all slavic peoples while pan slavism wanted all slavic peoples to defend and aid each other in times.
Why did Gavrilo Princip, aided by the Black Hand, assassinate the Austrian Archduke Franz-Ferdinand?
ANSWER: Gavrilo Princip, assassinated ARchduke Franz Ferdinand to protest Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ferdinand was Franz Josef I’s only heir to the throne. (COULD CONTAIN INCORRECT OR INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION FOR THE TEST)
Why did many Austrian government officials wish to punish neighboring Serbia for the assassination?
ANSWER: Austrian officials wanted to punish Serbia because they thought that Serbia was behind the plot, with its nationalist groups. (COULD CONTAIN INCORRECT OR INSUFFICIENT INFO FOR THE TEST)
How did the vague pledge of support from Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany impact the behavior of Austrian officials regarding Serbia? Why did Austria initially hesitate to take action against the Serbians?
ANSWER: The vague pledge of support by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, known as the “blank check,” emboldened Austrian officials. As they say it is unconditional backing from Germany. Which gave them the confidence to take a more aggressive stance towards Serbia, causing them to make the infamous “Serbian ultimatum”
What was the Serbian Ultimatum issued by the Austrian government, and how/why was it used to provoke a war?
ANSWER: The Serbian Ultimatum issued by Austria-Hungary in July 1914 was intentionally harsh and designed to provoke a war. By setting demands Serbia was unlikely to fully accept, Austria-Hungary Aimed to create a pretext for conflict.
Why did Tsar Nicholas II intervene in the Balkan Crisis between Austria and Serbia? Which nationalist ideology did he utilize to justify mobilizing Russian forces during late July of 1914?`
ANSWER: Tsar Nicholas II intervened in the Balkan Crisis between Austria -Hungary and Serbia in July 1914 to protect Slavic interests and maintain Russia;s influence in the Balkans. He utilized the Pan-Slavism ideology which advocated for the unity and support of Slavic peoples to justify mobilizing Russian forces.
Why did this then cause Germany to declare war on Russia?
ANSWER: Germany declared war on Russia because Russia’s mobilization in support of Serbia was seen as a direct threat to Austria-hungary, Germany’s ally.
What had been the purpose of the Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and Russia?
ANSWER: The Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and Russia was to maintain neutrality of both the countries.
What issue did Germany now face at the start of the First World War due to Wilhelm II’s refusal to renew the treaty back in 1890?
ANSWER: At the start of World War I, Germany faced the issue of being Vulnerable to a two-Front war. Kaiser Wilhelms II's refusal to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890 resulted in the breakdown of relations between the two nations. This decision led to Russia forming an alliance with France in 1894, As a result, Germany was now faced with the prospect of fighting both France in the west and Russia in the east, a situation that significantly complicated Germany’s military strategy.
Early Stages and Height of the War:
Key Terms (and definitions in next bullet point)
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen plan was a plan to attack France by going through Belgium and not going through the France-German border. This was done because they new troops would be waiting at the France-German border, but not at the Belgium border, as they were a neutral country
SUPPOSED to prevent a two-front war by eliminating France BEFORE Russia stepped into Germany to fight, allowing them [Germany] to put all of their forces on one country, instead of splitting forces between the two countries. (Russia was known for taking a while to be mobilized, so in theory the Schlieffen plan should have worked)
The Idea was if France and Russia were attacking Germany at the same time, Germany would have to split its troops, which is half of the power Germany could provide. With this plan, Germany could, with the entire army, attack France, win and since Russia takes a while to mobilize its troops, be fully prepared for Russia attack(s) with a full army.
Belgium DENIED entry, and put up a huge fight when Germany invaded anyway.
Brought Britain into the war as Britain had a treaty with Belgium to protect it.
Belgium
The Neutral county on the western front of Germany
Brought into the war when Germany invaded Belgium to execute the Schlieffen plan after being denied entry.
First Battle of the Marne
The battle was fought on the western front of Germany to stop Germany from invading Paris.
HAD TREMENDOUS EFFECTS
Halted Germany advancements in the war, preventing the seizure of paris and caused the “Race to the sea”
Gave pathway for the British military to join France on the Western front and caused the highly advanced British navy to blockade Germany at sea.
Neither side could outflank each other - standstill, so they dug trenches to gold their positions:
Long term war, and now Russia was ready to fight on the Eastern front which forced Germany to fight a two-front WAR
Race to the Sea
Referring to the active movement northward on the German western front during the FIRST BATTLE OF MARNE to outflank each other. (Product of the failed Schlieffen plan and the stalemate it caused).
Trench Warfare
Referring to the combat in which opposing armies fought from defensive positions, dug into the ground (called trenches), where soldiers lived and fought. This type of warfare was characterized by heavy artillery, machine guns, and barbed wire, making it extremely difficult for either side to advance; it often led to long stalemates with soldiers enduring harsh conditions and heavy casualties.
No Man’s Land
The land is the land between the two trenches of opposing armies, typically characterized by harsh gunfire, mines, and so on. It was “no one's land” and very hard to cross, but crossing it was one of the only ways to overwhelm the opposing trench.
Stalemate
Referring to when both sides of the army in warfare cannot make progress or gain an advantage, resulting in a deadlock.
One of the results of trench warfare as both sides took defensive positions and could not break through each other's lines.
Mass Production
The manufacturing of products or industrialized goods in large quantities, very quickly.
Played a crucial role in supplying the military with weapons, ammunition, and equipment quickly and in large numbers, which helped sustain prolonged combat efforts and contributed to the war’s industrial scale. (thereby increasing casualties)
What used to be a liability (running out of ammo) was not anymore.
Large Howitzers
Large Howitzers fired massive artillery shells onto the opposing trenches, causing massive casualties because the opposing troops could not get out of the way.
Machine Guns
A firearm capable of firing continuous streams of bullets at a very high rate.
Allowed for rapid fire on approaching troops. Becoming the most lethal weapon for WW1 - causing significant casualties.
Armored Tanks
Heavily protected military vehicles that could cross tough terrain, designed for front line combat
Built to protect troops attempting to reach the opposing trench; had little to no ability to fire, but reduced the number of casualties.
Poison Glasses
Gasses that were poisonous to the human body. - It incapacitated or killed troops in opposing trenched prior to an attack, caused massive death and suffering
Hague Treaty of 1899
A treaty that helped to regulate the war, and promote the protection of combatants and civilians.
Outlined some war crimes that even though agreed upon every country broke
Fighter Planes
A fighter plane is a type of military aircraft specifically designed for air combat, typically used to engage and destroy. In WW1 these planes could have been equipped with machine guns and sometimes small bombs.
Allowed for reconnaissance (Reconnaissance is the act of gathering information about the enemy, often through surveillance.) on opposing trenches, could stop small explosives, and strafe (Strafe means to attack or fire upon a target, usually from the air, with rapid gunfire.) trenches with machine gun fire.
Battle of Verdun
The battle of Verdun was a bloody, gruesome, and long battle fought by the French and Germans (initiated by the Germans) on the western front.
Done to “bleed France white” and force its surrender once and for all.
Lasted nine months and causes 97600 casualties (305 fatalities)
FRENCH VICTORY!
German trenches pushed back less than a mile.
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme was a counterback by the British army to relieve the French at Verdun. - sadly it saw horrific trench warfare with over one million casualties, and resulted in a British victory in which the German lines were slightly pushed back.
War of Attrition
A War of Attrition is a strategy in which one side seeks to gradually wear down the other side by inflicting continuous losses in personnel, equipment, and resources. The goal is to weaken the enemy over time, forcing them to surrender or collapse due to the sustained strain.
Total War
A war that demands all of the nation’s resources, including almost all industrial and agricultural products, the entire citizenry works to support military efforts, etc.
Seen in The First World War were major participants used total war to meet military demands, as trench warfare easily exhausted all of the supplies
Total war uses everything (Give or take)
Germany gave control over its production to its military generals, and total war often led to harmful shortages and excessive labor at home.
Propaganda
Propaganda is information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a particular political cause, ideology, or POV. It is typically spread through media, including posters, films, speeches, etc. with the same goal of influencing public opinion and behavior.
During wartime propaganda is often used to rally support, demonize (dehumanize) the enemy, and boost morale among citizens and troops.
Dehumanization
The process of making someone appear less human, or “dehumanizing”/”dehumanizing” them.
Often done with propaganda, to justify the killing of these rabid animals instead of humans like you and I.
Also done to recruit and make it seem like the country is winning.
Key Questions:
What was the purpose and the goal of the German Schlieffen Plan?
ANSWER:
PURPOSE: The purpose of the German Schlieffen plan was to go through belgium to fight France INSTEAD of fighting the troops that were already lined up at the Franco-German border. It was to avoid Germany of fighting a two front war
GOAL: The goal was to secure a quick victory on the Western Front before fully engaging in a prolonged war with Russia on the Eastern Front. So Germany did not have to fight the Two-front war
What issue existed with the path German forces planned to take, and what was the result of their invasion?
ANSWER: The path required entry through belgium, but they were DENIED entry through belgium. Ultimately making the plan unable to work, but they thought they had no other choice, so they (Germany) Invaded Belgium, and caused Britain to be brought into the war due to a treaty saying they will keep Belgium neutral, overall a treacherous mistake.
Why was the timing of the Schlieffen Plan so critically important – what would result if the timing was thrown off?
ANSWER: The timing of the Schlieffen Plan was critical because if they were able to defeat France before Russia could fully mobilize their army (I know this is redundant) they would not face a two-front war but Germany's decision to invade Belgium ultimately brought Britain and Belgium into the war, slowing down Germany's forces to fight France (and now Britain too), leading to a two-front war.
TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE
What was the long-term result of the First Battle of the Marne for Germany?
ANSWER: The Long term result of the First Battle of The Marne for Germany was that it halted their advance in France, preventing the seizure of paris. Which led to a stalemate on the Western Front, causing the “Race to the Sea” and the beginning of Trench Warfare. Additionally Germany was not forced to fight the (I hate saying this) two-front war
What was the “race to the sea” during 1914-1915, and why did it lead to the development of trench warfare on the Western Front?
ANSWER: The “Race to the Sea” During 1914 - 1915 was the active movement northward on the German Western front to outflank the opposing army. When neither side could gain a advantage, it was a stalemate, forcing both sides to take a defensive stance, establishing Trench Warfare
Why was trench warfare extremely dangerous and why did it lead to a rapidly increasing death toll?
ANSWER: Trench warfare was very deadly due to the constant artillery, machine gun fire, and the difficulty of advancing against the strong defense. All of this led to heavy casualties with little progress, additionally all of the advancements made it extremely hard to gain an advantage on the opposing army.
Why did trench warfare create a stalemate on the Western Front?
ANSWER: The trenches provided strong defensive positions, but it was very difficult to attack on a trench, and both sides knew that it would result in very high casualties. So neither of the sides tried human wave attacks. This would provide us with a stalemate because neither side could gain a decisive advantage.
Why was mass production necessary due to the nature of trench warfare, and how did it also contribute to massive death tolls during the First World War?
ANSWER: Mass production was necessary due to the Prolonged static nature of trench warfare, where both sides were entrenched in defensive positions, in addition what was previously a liability (running out of ammo) is now never something to be worried about - (if you ran out of ammo they could just push you and you can't defend) - the mass production of lethal weapons made a very large supply of weaponry that is used to hurt the opposing side, therefore increasing the death toll.
What were large howitzers, and how / why were they used prior to attacking an opposing trench?
ANSWER: Large Howitzers fired large artillery shells onto the opposing trenches, causing massive casualties because the troops were not able to get out of the way. Because of its large power, Howitzers were used to disassemble enemy defenses, and by bombarding the opposing side, you would weaken their defenses.
Why were machine guns perhaps the deadliest weapon of the war, and why did they make a successful assault across “no-man’s land” extremely difficult?
ANSWER: Machine guns were among the deadliest weapon(s) of the First World War, this is because of its constant rate of fire, defensive advantage, and the mass production of ammunition. These together made it extremely deadly and difficult to cross “no-man's land” because you would just be gunned down immediately, and they would already have more ammo.
Why did this lead to the innovation of armored tanks by the British military?
ANSWER: The deadly effectiveness of Machine guns in trench warfare made traditional infantry assaults across no-man's land almost impossible, leading to the need for a new approach, one thing led to another and the armored tanks were created because they could cross difficult terrain, and withstand tha gunfire that the machine guns posed. Ultimately breaking the stalemate.
Why were poison gasses utilized during the war – specifically chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas?
ANSWER: The Poison glasses were utilized during the war because they were deadly, and this helped achieve the goal of the war of attrition and its lethality brought a significant psychological impact to the armies. Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas were all deadly, and seriously dangerous, causing paranoia, and a loss of soldiers. (COULD CONTAIN INCORRECT OR INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION FOR THE TEST)
Was the use of poison gas a potential violation of the Hague Treaty of 1899, and Thus, technically a war crime?
ANSWER: YES The use of poison gas is a violation of the Hague Treaty signed in 1899, and a war crime. The Hague treaty specifically banned the use of asphyxiating gases and poisonous weapons, both of which are poisonous gasses.
Why were planes initially used on both fronts, leading to aerial warfare?
ANSWER: Fighter planes were initially used for Reconnaissance (essentially scouting the area) which was previously impossible to obtain. As both sides began to understand the importance of controlling the sides, both sides began to develop aircraft with weapons on it, eventually leading to aerial warfare.
How did Germany attempt to break the stalemate on the Western Front in 1916?
ANSWER: The Battle of Verdun was the German attempt to break through the stalemate on the Western Front specifically in 1916.
What was the German goal with their assault on the French lines at Verdun, and what was the result (including the death tolls)?
ANSWER: The goal was to “bleed france white” and inflict so much harm that they would have no choice but to surrender. However, it resulted in a long, treacherous, war that had Resulted in 976,000 casualties (305 fatalities) and ultimately pushed the German trenches back a little less than a mile; it ended in French victory.
What was the British goal with their assault on the German lines at the Somme, and what was the result (including the death tolls)?
ANSWER: The goal of the assault on the German lines at the battle of the Somme was to break the stalemate of trench warfare, and relieve the pressure on the French at the Battle of Verdun. Ultimately resulting in over 1 million casualties and a British victory in that the French lines were pushed back.
Why did the nature of trench warfare, the stalemate it caused, and the idea of fighting a “war of attrition” require nations to utilize total war policies at home?
ANSWER: The nature of trench warfare, the resulting stalemate and the strategy of a “war of attrition” required nations to adopt the total war policies because the prolonged conflict demanded full mobilization of a country's resources. As both sides struggled to break the deadlock, the governments had to ensure a continuous production of the supplies it needed for the war. Which meant controlling civilian industries, institution rationing, and so on.
What were the effects of total war policies on civilians at home, and why was propaganda necessary to maintain public support for the war?
ANSWER: The effects of total war policies on civilians at home had many impacts on those at home, some being: Excessive labor to produce more, increased taxes, rationing, etc. and this made people feel like there sacrifices aren't worth it, so they would stop doing the work, in that case, propaganda became necessary to boost the morale of civilians and combatants to make their sacrifices feel necessary
Reflect upon the propaganda of World War I – what techniques did both sides use to persuade viewers, and specifically why was dehumanization of the enemy a common theme?
ANSWER: In the propaganda poster(s) they used tactics like symbolism, direct language towards the speaker, emotions, and so much more. But one of the biggest ones, dehumanization was by far the most important. [Imagine a 19 year old machine gunner, it is hard to pull that trigger, knowing that the enemy could be a 19 year old boy just like you, and that is often the hardest part of war, the taking of another life. BUT if it's portrayed as a rabid beast who is killing everyone and must be stopped, it's way easier to pull that trigger, thinking you are doing something good] Dehumanization justified the violence of the war by making it feel as if your killing demons and not another 19 year old boy, Just. Like. You.
Close of the War:
Key Terms (and definitions in the next bullet point):
United States
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR:
The country located on the north americas initially maintained a policy of neutrality at the start of The First World War but in 1917 was pulled into the war due to many factors like, unrestricted Sub. Warfare, the Zimmerman Telegram, and so on. U.S. Involvement was a huge turning point in the war, the German soldiers were often referred to as “doughboys” due to having dough on their cheeks (symbolizing they are well fed), and were highly trained. The United States contributed heavily to the eventual win of the Triple entente.
President Woodrow Wilson
The 28th president of The United States of America and led the country through The First World War. Initially, he sought to keep the U.S. neutral, but after German Unrestricted Sub. Warfare, and the Zimmerman Telegram, Wilson asked congress to declare war on Germany. Wilson played a significant role in shaping the “Treaty of Versailles” advocating for things like the League of Nations, though the U.S. did not ultimately join the league of nations due to the opposition in the senate over its constitutionality.
Isolationism
Isolationism around The First World War refers to a foreign policy in which a country seeks to minimize involvement in the political or military affairs of other nations, particularly conflicts or alliances.
EX. The United States followed the ideology of isolationism prior to entering The First World War, Trying to stay out of European disputes and conflicts. Germany's Zimmerman telegram, and Unrestricted Sub. Warfare shifted the U.S. away from the ideology of Isolationism
RMS Lusitania
The RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner that was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, during WW1 the attack resulted in the deaths of 1,198 people, including 128 americans. The sinking was a significant event that shifted the public opinion on the United States joining the war against Germany.
German U-Boats
WHAT IS IT?: The German U-Boats were the newest, highly advanced submarine technology that the Germans perfected The U-Boats had the Ability to submerge itself underwater and fire torpedoes at the passing enemy ships, but could also resurface and attack vessels with machine guns that were mounted on its decks, very powerful
PERTAINING TO WW1: The German U-Boats were submarines used by Germany during WW1, they were only intended, and primarily used to attack Allied shopping in an effort to counter blockade the british and cut off supplies. The use of Unrestricted Sub. Warfare led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, ultimately prompting the U.S. (among other things) to join the war. {READ ABOVE “RMS LUSITANIA”}
Unrestricted Sub. Warfare
Unrestricted Sub. Warfare as a naval strategy used by Germany during WW1, where German U-Boats (read aforementioned key terms) targeted and sank any vessel in the waters off the coast of Britain regardless of its nationality or nature (warship, merchant vessel, passenger ship, etc.) Germany attempted to use Unrestricted Sub. Warfare not in any way to hurt innocent passengers, rather as a way for national survival.
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret, diplomatic communication sent by the German Foreign Minister–known as Arthur Zimmerman–to the mexican government in january of 1917, in the communication, Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico, suggesting that if the U.S. entered WW1, Mexico should attack the southwestern United States to prevent American troops from aiding the Allies, and cutting down on the allies America could send. In return Germany promised to aid Mexico in regaining its territories lost to the U.S. during the Mexican-American war, (Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona). The British Intercepted, decoded and revealed the message, inciting outrage in the U.S. The telegram revealed Germany’s intent to violate American neutrality, this led the U.S to abandon its neutral stance and enter the war against Germany.
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 had a significant impact on WW1. If Russia dropped out of the war, Germany could focus all of its troops to the western front, this could give Germany a huge advantage.
German forces had pushed deep into Russia, and the Russian army was suffering heavy losses due to poor tactics and leadership, along with the lack of industrialization to support the war effort. In February of 1917, revolutionaries overthrew Tsar Nicholas II and while the Provisional Government that was put in place remained in the war, The German public wanted out of the war, so while Germany refused to cede the Russian lands it occupied, by october of 1917 a second revolution occurred, orchestrated by Communist radical Vlaadimir Lenin, who opposed Russia's involvement in the war. With help from the German government, Lenin led the Bolsheviks to overthrow the Provisional government, where then the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, allowing Russia to withdraw from the War, with Germany keeping all of the Occupied lands
This ended the two-front war for Germany and allowed them to focus all of their forces on the western front before the U.S. could enter the war.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed in October 1917 between Russia and Germany, following Russia’s second revolution led by Vladimir Lenin with German support, the treaty marked Russia’s withdrawal from the First World War. It allowed Germany to retain all occupied lands, and effectively ended the two-front war for Germany, allowing Germany to shift focus to the Western front before the U.S. arrived.
German Spring Offensive
The German Spring Offensive took place in 1918 (of spring) and was a series of attacks, conducted by Germany on the Western Front after Russia’s withdrawal from the war due to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Germany concentrated its forces on the Western front, before U.S. forces could be fully alive. Despite initial success and deep advancement into enemy territory, it ultimately failed and marked a huge shift in momentum toward the triple entente.
Second Battle of the Marne
The Second Battle of The Marne was a major turning point in WW1. After Germany had advanced to within 50 miles of Paris, earlier that year, it wasn't looking so good for the Triple Entente. Germany then launched an offensive in the region, unfortunately for Germany, the U.S. had arrived, and the attack turned into a decisive German defeat.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive took place in the summer of 1918 and was one of the largest american-led offensives during WW1, with over two million U.S. troops arriving in Europe, these fresh and well-trained soldiers, known as the “doughboys” (coined from their well fed appearance) utilizing the latest technology. The offensive aimed to push toward Germany where they had the Battle of Argonne Forest.
Battle of the Argonne Forest
The Battle of the Argonne Forest was the FINAL, MAJOR battle of WW1, taking place in 1918 as part of the Meuse-ARgonne Offensive. With the arrival of two million fresh U.S. troops, the U.S. was brought to victory in this battle. The German defeat led to the Kiel mutiny by the German Navy where sailors refused orders, and this was seen in other departments. As a result Wilhelm II abdicated, and an anti-war party took control of Germany, leading to the Armistice.
Armistice
A formal agreement between the parties to stop the fighting (temporarily), often to negotiate the terms for a final settlement, or peace.
Key Questions:
Until 1917, why did the United States under President Woodrow Wilson follow a policy of isolationism with regard to the war in Europe?
ANSWER: Before 1917, The U.S. under President Woodrow Wilson followed a policy of neutrality, and isolationism in regards to Europe because the U.S. was made up of people from many different nations, and it was essential to maintain unity and avoid divisions within the country. Wilson believed that the country should act as a mediator, focusing on peace and fairness.
Why did the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, Germany’s return to unrestricted submarine warfare, and the Zimmerman Telegram cause the U.S. to abandon its position of neutrality and declare war upon the Central Powers?
ANSWER: The sinking of the RMS Lusitania, Germany’s return to unrestricted submarine warfare, and the Zimmerman Telegram pushed the U.S. to abandon its Neutrality and declare war on the Central Powers. The Lusitania’s sinking killed 128 Americans, inflaming public anger, while Germany’s unrestricted Submarine warfare threatened U.S. ships and citizens. The Zimmerman Telegram, on top of everything, proposed a German-Mexican alliance AGAINST THE USA - further intensifying the anti-German sentiment. All of those together violated the U.S. interests, leading to a call to war.
What were the general causes of the Russian Revolution during 1917? Why was this linked specifically to Russian military failures on the Eastern Front, and total war policies at home?
ANSWER: The Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by political, social, and economic instability, worsened by Russia;s military failures in WW1, poor leadership, heavy casualties, and total war policies such as food shortages, inflation, and so on. further strained the populus. These factors sparked protest, labor strikes, and the eventual abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
What occurred when Lenin’s communist government signed the Treaty of BrestLitovsk, and what critical opportunity did this create for the Germany military going into the spring of 1918?
ANSWER: When the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed in March of 1918. Russia withdrew from the First World War, ceding large territories that were being fought over. This treaty ended the two-front war for Germany allowing them to move their troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front. With this shift, Germany had a critical opportunity to win, hoping to win before the U.S. came.
What was the goal of the German Spring Offensive of 1918 and why did this military campaign have such a short window of time to be successful?
ANSWER: The goal of the German Spring Offensive was to break the stalemate on the Western Front and secure a decisive advantage before the full strength of the American forces could arrive in Europe. Germany had aimed to push the Allies back, capture keep positions, and so on. This had a short window to succeed because Germany knew that the arrival of U.S. troops would tip the balance of power in favor of the allies, making it much harder to achieve victory.
What occurred at the Second Battle of the Marne and why did this change the outcome of the First World War?
ANSWER: The Second Battle of the Marne, was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during WW1. The Germans aimed to break through the Triple Entente's lines near the Marne River, but the attack was repelled by a strong allied counter offensive. This attack forced the Germans to retreat. This battle marked a turning point in the war, as it halted German advance and shifted momentum in favor of the Triple Entente, leading to the eventual victory of the Triple alliance. This battle was the first major battle where the U.S. was fully in, and it totally shifted the momentum.
How did U.S. involvement lead to a victory for the Triple Entente in World War I?
ANSWER: The U.S. involvement in The First World War was a significant boost to the Triple Entente. The U.S. provided fresh troops, resources, and morale, which ultimately provided the extra oomph for the Triple alliance to defeat the Central powers.
Why were the U.S. “doughboys” so effective in fighting against the German military and able to keep the Western Front from re-entering a stalemate?
ANSWER: The American troops, known as “doughboys” were effective in fighting against the German military because they brought fresh troops, new tactical innovation, and introduced the newest and best technology, such as machine guns, tanks, and aircraft, enhancing the combat effectiveness. All of the aforementioned factors, (and some not) helped prevent the return of the stalemate and shifted the momentum in the war. – ultimately contributing to its end.
What was the result of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and its final battle in the Argonne Forest?
ANSWER: The result of the Meuse-Argonne offensive and its final battle was a major U.S. victory over the German army. This success led to the collapse of German resistance, sparking the Kiel mutiny (bc germans populus tired of war) , and ultimately Kaiser wilhelm II to abdicate, ending the fighting and paving after an armistice was signed.
What occurred with the Kiel Mutiny regarding Kaiser Wilhelm II and why did this lead to Germany signing an armistice?
ANSWER: The Battle of Argonne Forest, a major U.S. victory over the German army sparked the Kiel mutiny when the German Navy refused to take orders or continue fighting. The mutiny quickly spread to the army, and was supported by the German labor Strikes. As a result, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, and an anti-war party took control. The new German government then signed an armistice, ending the war with a cease-fire agreement, allowing for a peace treaty to be negotiated.
Treaty of Versailles:
Key Terms (and their definitions in the next bullet point):
Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace Conference (1919) was a meeting of the Allied victors following The First World War to set terms of peace and redraw national borders primarily through the signing, and the drafting of treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war.
Georges Clemenceau
Gerorges Clemenceau was the Prime Minister of France during The First World War. He was known for his strong leadership, and determination to secure the victory for france. At the Paris Peace Conference, he pushed for harsh penalties and reparations against Germany to ensure France’s security and prevent future conflicts.
David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister during The First World War, he played a key role at the Paris Peace Conference. George sought a balance between punishing Germany, and maintaining British imperial interests, aiming to secure a lasting peace without crippling Germany too much.
The Fourteen Points
The Fourteen Points was a “multi-step peace plan” proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, this intended to prevent future wars, and create fair and lasting peace. Some of the most important aspects of it were ideas like self-determination, and the establishment of the League of Nations.
League of Nations
The League of nations was part of the Treaty of Versailles, the League was an international organization designed to promote peace and prevent future conflicts. However, it lacked a strong enforcement mechanism, and the united States did not end up joining due to its constitutionality.
Alsace-Lorraine
The Alsace-Lorraine region located between France and Germany, was taken by Germany. It was returned to France after Germany’s defeat in The First World War, as part of the Treaty of Versailes, but Alsace-lorraine consisted of both ethnic Germans and French peoples, angering the ethnic Germans as they were now apart of France.
Rhineland
The Rhineland region of Western Germany was demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailes, to serve as a buffer zone between Germany and France. This was done to prevent Germany from using the area as a means for war against France.
Poland
Poland–after being seized from Russia–was re-established as an independent nation after The First World War, it served as a large, French-allied state on Germany’s eastern border now that Russia could no longer be relied upon due ot its communist revolution. (also served as a buffer zone between communist Russia and Central Europe.
Polish Sea Corridor
The Narrow strip of land that gave Poland access to the Baltic Sea (so it wasnt landlocked) this way, Poland could be a trade partner of France. It sliced through what was at that time almost entirely ethnic-German territory (old Prussia).
Czechoslovakia
The Newly independent nation formed entirely out of Northern Austria-Hungary. Done by merging together two ethnic groups that DID NOT desire to be placed together. The Czechs and the Slovaks (effectively named Czech-o-slovak-ia).
MANY CONFLICTING IDEAS
Capital: PRAGUE. Was located in a Czech speaking region, Slovakia had a much more agriculturally-based economy, and often felt as if the Czechs dominated the government, and set policies for industry and not agriculture.
Placed together to ensure that there was another larg(er) state on Germany’s eastern border to contain it. And another large state in Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer against Communist Russia.
Yugoslavia
Affective product of the ideology YUGO-SLAVISM - and satisfied many in that regard:
HOWEVER, capital of Belgrade was in Serbian zone and dominated by ethnic-Serbians often angering other Slavic-ethnic groups in the country such as the Croatians.
Formed by merging together Slovenia, part of Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia.
Mandate System
The Mandate System, established by the League Of Nations, was used to manage former colonies and territories of the defeated Central Powers. These regions were placed under the adm,inistration of the Triple Entente, with the goal of guiding them toward self-governance and eventual independence. (COULD CONTAIN INCORRECT OR INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION FOR THE TEST)(AI AND GOOGLE WAS USED TO GENERATE THIS RESPONSE.
War Guilt Clause
Article 231 of The Treaty of Versailles, known as the War Guilt Clause, placed full responsibility for the First World War on Germany and its allies. This clause was deeply humiliating for Germany and provided the legal foundation for the reparations it was required to pay to the Allied powers for the war’s damage.
Reparations
FORMAL DEFINTION: Compensation of payment made by a country or group to cover the damage or loss caused by its actions, typically following a conflict or wrongdoing. It is often paid to the victims or affected parties as restitution.
FOLLOWING THE WAR: GERMANY was required to pay reparations to the Allied countries for the damages caused during The First World War. These payments were meant to compensate for the loss of life and destruction caused by the war, but the economic burden that was placed upon Germany from the reparations crippled them.
Later, it contributed to the rise of Hitler.
Key Questions:
What critical issues existed with the format of the Paris Peace Conference – were delegations from the defeated governments allowed to participate?
ANSWER: The Paris Peace Conference faced critical issues, notable the EXCLUSION OF DEFEATED POWERS–Germany, Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, and so on–who were not allowed to participate in the negotiations. The conference was dominated by the Briatin, France, and U.S. which sidelined smaller nations and created a imbalance in representation. Additionally, there was a lack of consensus among the victors themselves, with France pushing for harsh penalties on Germany, While the U.S. advocated for a more lenient approach leading to tensions and inefficiency in the decision making process.
What did each major national leader of the “Big Three” want out of the Paris Peace Conference, and why did this help produce a flawed post-war settlement?
ANSWER: Wilson waned to create a just and lasting peace based on his Fourteen Points, advocating for self-determination, free trade, and the establishment of the League of Nations to ensure future peace. He sought to avoid Punitive measures against Germany. Lloyd George sought a middle ground, balancing the need to punish Germany, to prevent future threats while protecting British Imperial interests and ensuring that Germany remained strong enough to be a trading partner. Clemenceau wanted harsh penalties for Germany including severe territorial losses and military restrictions, to ensure France;s security after the devastation of the war.
What specifically did Woodrow Wilson call for in his Fourteen Points?
ANSWER: SELF DETERMINATION - LEAGUE OF NATIONS - INDEPENDENT POLAND - FREEDOM OF THE SEAS.
Self determination: The peoples of Austria-Hungary should be allowed to determine their own independence and government freely.
(UTILIZED AI FOR THIS QUESTION)
What problems existed with the structure of the League of Nations?
ANSWER: CONSTITUTIONALITY - Article 10 raised constitutionality issues because it required nations to intervene in conflicts that might conflict with their own sovereignty, forcing them to act beyond national interests. (AI)
CRIPPLING U.S. ECONOMY / COSTLY - said to join any war on eart concerning the League, could be very costly.
ENFORCEMENT POWER - The requirement for unanimous agreement on decisions made it difficult for the League to act quickly or decisively, or at all. Hindering it ability to enforce peace.
Review the flaws present within the Treaty of Versailles:
ANSWER: Harsh punishments on Germany (i.e. Military restrictions, land restrictions, reparataions, etc.) Lack of U.S. participation (From the League of nations Wilson so dearly wanted). Unrealistic territorial drawings (i.e. Czechoslovakia, etc.) ignoring Self-determination and failure to prevent future conflict as we know.
Why was Germany harmed due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine?
ANSWER: Germany lost valuable industrial resources like Coal and Iron from that plot of land, weakening its economy. The loss also damaged national pride.
What issue was created for German national security regarding the Rhineland?
ANSWER: The demilitarization of the Rhineland made Germany vulnerable to French invasion as the reagion being a strategic buffer ha dno Germa military prescence to defend it
REMEMBER WHEN GERMANY IS WEAKENED TOO MUCH THEN THAT ALLOWS FOR BAD PEOPLE.
Why was the manner in which the Polish nation was reestablished problematic?
ANSWER: Polands borders were drawn with ethnically mixed populations, creating tensions, especially with Germany as areas like the Polish Corridor separate East prussia and contained many ethnic Germans
What ethnic issues existed with the formation of Czechoslovakia and with Yugoslavia?
ANSWER: the two (or more) ethnic groups did not want to live in the same country (i.e Czechs and slovaks, Serbians dominating Yugoslavia) and so on.
What issue existed with the mandate system used to administer former Ottoman territories?
ANSWER: The mandate system was flawed because it (ottoman territories) was under control of European powers like Briatin and France but did NOT grant true independence
What was the specific purpose of the War Guilt Clause in the Treaty of Versailles, and why was this linked to the reparations imposed upon Germany?
ANSWER: ARTICLE 231 - The War Guilt Clause placed full blame on Germany for causing WW1, this justified the massive reparations Germany was forced to pay, as the clause made it seem that Germany was ENTIRE RESPONSIBLE for the war’s destruction, leading to the financial penalties designed to compensate the allies
Why was the phrasing of the treaty in general extremely problematic, and specifically why was it problematic with regard to how reparations would be valued?
ANSWER: The treaty’s vague and harsh terms made it difficult for Germany to fully comply, creating lasting resentment. The Reparations were unrealistically high and difficult to quantify leading to economic instability in Germany. Also the reparations were constantly changing. (COULD CONTAIN INCORRECT OR INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION FOR THE TEST) (AI)
