AP World History Notes
Primarily used Heimler’s videos. [ Update: Got a 5 ]
UNIT 1, 1200-1450, 8-10%
East Asia
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
Song Dynasty (China) was extremely prevalent at the time
Practiced Confucianism (Revived by Tang), which focused on the natural hierarchy of things
Filial Piety: Honoring one’s ancestors/parents
Rulers used Confucianism to justify their rule
Under Confucianism, women’s rights were heavily restricted, foot binding
Large imperial bureaucracy, 10,000s of government officials, civil service exam.
Scared of military due to Tang Dynasty’s fall, mostly pacifist
Saw non-Chinese as barbaric
Xiongnu Empire: Nomadic tribe from Han dynasty
Buddhism
Originally from India, it spread to China pre-1200s. Played a significant role in their societies even after the change back to Confucianism
Theravada Buddhism: Only practiced by monks who devoted their lives to Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism: Buddhism available to all, compassion
Economy
Use of paper money, credit, promissory notes
Iron & steel production
Agricultural and transport innovations
Champa Rice
Leads to a population BOOM 💥💥💥💥💥
Magnetic Compass
Junks (BOATS)
Controlled some of the Silk Road
Korea
Functioned independently, participated in the tributary system
Feared being invaded, adopted aspects of Chinese culture, (civil service, Confucian principles, women roles)
Japan
Voluntarily adopted Chinese culture (Buddhism, imperial bureaucracy)
Samurai, not centralized
Vietnam
Similar to Korea, functioned independently and participated in tributary system
Elites adopted civil service, Confucianism, Buddhism, writing techniques, etc
Women had more rights, female Buddha
Dar al-Islam
Islam spreads through military expansion, merchant activity, Muslim missionaries (Sufism)
Leads to many innovations in mathematics, House of Wisdom leads to Renaissance in Europe
Similarities between all Empires
Military in charge of administration
Sharia law
Abbasid Caliphate
Ethnically Arab (Different than the Turkish majority empires that follow)
Succeeded Umayyad Caliphate
Had power during “Golden Age of Islam”
By 1200s, Abbasid is fragmenting, leads to the rise of several other Islamic empires, consists of Turkish people
Seljuk Empire
11th century in Central Asia
Gained more and more power, held most of the political power while Abbasids claimed to speak for all of Islam
Transition to agriculture
Mamluk Sultanate
Located in Egypt, succeeded the Ayyubid Sultanate
Saladin, Ayyubid Sultanate guy enslaved Turkic warriors
Mamluks seize power
Delhi Sultanate
Turks established a Muslim state in North India
South Asia & Southeast Asia
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam were most prominent at the time. Hinduism leads to Bhaktis and Islam leads to Sufism
Rajput Kingdoms
Rival Hindu kingdoms
Vijayanagara
Hindu empire that formed after the Delhi Sultanate sent Hindu officials to go South.
Sea-based SEA Empires
Srivijaya Empire
Buddhist, Hindu influence
Strait of Malacca, gained money from taxing it
Majapahit Empire
Former Hindu kingdom
Buddhist influence
Tributary system
Land-based SEA Empires
Sinhala dynasties
Buddhist
Khmer
Hindu empire (despite it being ethnic)
Angkor Wat
Hindu temple they added Buddhist stuff to after they turned Buddhist
Syncretism: religions blending
Americas
Maya Civilization (Pre 1200s)
Decentralized city-states
Fought for a connection of tributary states
Human sacrifice
⬇ All three of these traits continue on in the Aztec empire
Aztec Empire (1345-1528)
Mexica people establish Aztec empire
Consolidation of power
Mexica claimed lineage from older, renowned Mesoamerican people
Capital: Tenochtitlan, commercialized economy
Andean Civilizations
Wari, collapsed 1000 CE
Inca Empire
Similar area from Wari, borrowed from older civilizations
Group of outsiders that rose to power with military
Centralized power, bureaucracy
Labor payments, mit’a system
North America
Mississippian culture
Mississippi river, first large scale civilization in NA
Farming
Hierarchical Structure
Mound-building project, burial sites
Chaco & Mesa Verde ⬅ hey I went there
Modern-day Southwestern USA
Dry, transport/store water
Carved blocks/buildings
Africa
Swahili Civilization (Pre 1200s)
Access to Indian Ocean trade
Focused on trade, imported goods from interior
Gold, ivory, timber, enslaved people
Islam, voluntary conversion between Swahili elites
Similarities with Song China include hierarchy, expanding wealth through trade beyond their borders
Great Zimbabwe
Facilitated Indian Ocean trade
Exported gold
Hausa kingdoms
City-states
Gained power/wealth through trade through Trans-Saharan trade network
Like the Swahili!
Ruled by king, eventually converted to Islam
Ethiopia
Christian
Massive stone churches
Became wealthy through salt trade
Centralized power, king, hierarchy
Europe
Constantine made Christianity the dominant religion, Muslims and Jews still prevalent minorities
Europe was very heavily decentralized and fragmented at the time, no large empires
Caesaropapism - Church/State deep ties
Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Byzantines used it to justify and centralize power
Byzantine empire falls in 1453 to the Ottoman empire, Constantinople renamed to Istanbul
Kievan Rus
Adopted Eastern Orthodox, borrow a lot from Byzantines
Western Europe
Isolated
Roman Catholicism - Pope
Feudalism: A system of allegiances between lords, monarchs, and knights. Exchange of land
Manorialism: Peasants/Serfs bound to land, worked on the land in exchange for protection from lords
Monarchs started to gain power
Competing for influence/territory
Major Events during this time
Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
France VS England
Black Death (1347-1351)
25% of Europe’s population die
Western Schism
3 Popes, papacy loses respect
Crusades
1st crusade: Western forces seize Jerusalem from Muslims
4th crusade: Sacking of Constantinople, no crusades occur after
UNIT 2, 1200-1450, 8-10%
Silk Roads
Vast network of roads that facilitated trade and cultural exchange throughout Eurasia
Sold Luxury goods across the roads
Causes of Silk Road Expansion
Commercial practices
Money economies
Use of credit
Rise of banks
Transportation
Caravanserai
Safety for caravans
Facilitated cultural exchange
Saddles
Effects of Silk Road Expansion
Rise of trading cities
Resting point for travelers, these cities grow in wealth and power, became a point of exchange
Ex. Kashgar (China), Samarkand (C. Asia)
Increased demand for luxury goods
Silk, porcelain
Leads to China’s proto-industrialization
Proto-industrialization: Producing more goods that can be consumed and are thus used for selling in far markets
Cultural Diffusion
Islamic/Buddhist merchants spread their religions
Innovations such as the saddle spread
Diseases such as the Bubonic Plague spread
Mongol Empire
Located in Central Asia, the Mongols were egalitarian, pastoral, horse people who traveled in smaller groups.
Rise of Mongol Empire
Temujin/Genghis Khan/Chinggis Khan
Was a pastoral nomad
Rising
Chinggis Khan and his successors take over a bunch of land
Song China had lost its Northern territories and Abbasids were on the decline, brutal.
Invade Russia too, (Golden Horde). Very loose rule, Moscow becomes taxpayers and become super rich
Mongol Economics
Mongols ruled the Silk Roads super good, trade flourished
Trade taxes were low, Pax Mongolica
Improved infrastructure
Bridges, roads
Increase in communication
Leads to increase in trade
Technology/Cultural
Sent skilled people all around, leads to transfer of technology and ideas
Western Europe gets medical knowledge
Very religiously tolerant, also let people retain their lifestyles
Yuan Dynasty
Run by Mongols, but they integrated with Chinese culture
Used the Mandate of Heaven to their advantage
Dies around 1360
Indian Ocean Trade
Causes of Expansion
Collapse of Mongol Empire
Commercial practices
Transportation technologies
Magnetic compass
Astrolabe
Lateen sail
Knowledge of Monsoon winds
Improvements in shipbuilding
Spread of Islam
Merchant-friendly
Effects of Expansion
Growth of trade cities
Ex. Swahili city-states, Malacca, Gujarat
Diasporic Communities
A group of people from one place who establish a home from another place while retaining cultural customs.
Technology/Cultural
Just as significant as goods exchanged, common goods include:
Cotton textiles
Grains
Luxury goods
Religion, language, technology spread
Gunpowder cannon
Trans-Saharan Trade
Trade routes that connect North, West, and Sub-saharan Africa
Common goods traded along the network include gold, kola nuts, horses, & salt
Causes of Expansion
Transportation Technology
Saddle
Caravanserai
Effects of Expansion
Growth of empires
Empire of Mali: Muslim, grew wealthy.
Mansa Musa: Richest man to have ever lived, on his way to Hajj he gave a bunch of people money, ruining the economy
Cultural Effects of Connectivity
Trade networks & Diffusion
Cultural Transfers
Buddhism
Syncretism occurs with Daoism, known as Chan Buddhism
Transfers to Japan, known as Zen Buddhism
Islam
Many states that leaders accepted Islam grew wealthy among Indian Ocean/Trans-Saharan trade networks
Ex. Swahili city-states
Literary/Artistic Transfers
House of Wisdom -> Renaissance
Scientific/Technological Innovations
Chinese papermaking spread to Europe
Chinese gunpowder spread by Mongols
Effects of Trade on Cities
Trading cities gain wealth, influence and power
Ex. Hangzhou China
Cities in decline
Ex. Baghdad and Constantinople
Mongol sacked
Ottoman sacked
Increased Interregional Travel
Ibn Battuta - Traveled all over Dar al-Islam, “Islam here is so bad lol”
Marco Polo - Wrote about Kublai Khan
Margery Kemp
Environmental Effects of Connectivity
Diffusion of Crops
Bananas moved from SEA to Africa
Population growth
Champa Rice
Population growth
Citrus fruits moved by Muslims to Europe
Population growth
Diffusion of Disease
After Mongols increased interconnectedness along Silk Road, the Bubonic Plague, which started in China, diffused rapidly across the Silk Road
1/3rd of the Middle East’s population die
1/2 of Europe’s population die
UNIT 3, 1450-1750, 12-15%
Land Based Empires
Gunpowder Empire Traits
Land based
Expanding geographically
Use of gunpowder to expand
Powers that used them ended up on top
The Empires
Ottoman Empire
14th century
Controlled Dardanelles
Gunpowder
Sieged Constantinople, became Istanbul
Safavid Empire
Ismail
Shia Muslim state, neighboring states are Sunni
Mughal Empire
Babur
Akbar: Tolerant
Qing China
Succeeded the Ming dynasty (who were ethnically Han)
Ethnically Manchu
State Rivalries
Safavid-Mughal conflict
Sunni/Shia
Conflict over expansion, no clear victor
Songhai-Moroccan conflict
Morroccans win due to the use of gunpowder in a surprise attack
Administration
Legitimize: Methods ruler uses to communicate who is in charge
Consolidate: Methods ruler uses to take power from others and claim for self
Legitimizing and Consolidating Power
Large imperial bureaucracies
Bureaucracy: A body of government officials that are responsible for administering the empire and ensures laws are obeyed
Devshirme: Ottoman’s system of taking young boys and making them fight as janissaries
Military Expansion
Janissaries: Troops for the Ottoman Empire
Religion, Art, Architecture
Europe: Divine right to rule
Americas: Aztec human sacrifices to legitimize power
Dynasties: Qing emperor displayed portraits of himself everywhere
Finances
Mughals: Zamindar system, Zamindars collect taxes
Ottomans: Tax farming
Empires and Belief Systems
Christianity in Europe
Shared cultural glue, church present and active
Christianity splits into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic
Byzantine: Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox
Church filthy rich, sold indulgences/positions to get money, people losing faith
Martin Luther writes 95 theses, leads to Protestant Reformation
Catholic Reformation occurs eventually
Council of Trent
Islam
Sunni/Shia split in 7th century
Ottomans (Sunni) vs Safavids (Shia)
Both wanted land and fought each other for it
Leads to a deeper Sunni/Shia divide
South Asia
Bhakti movement in 7th century
Mystical experience, union with a god
Sufism, which was also about mystical experiences with a blend in Islam, also existed.
Blending occurs
Sikhism
Blend of Hinduism/Islam
Russia (Kievan Rus, Proto-Russia)
Adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity
UNIT 4, 1450-1750, 12-15%
Tech in Sea-Based Empires
Traits of Sea-Based Empires
Located in Europe, big change from past
Adopted maritime technology to get powerful, exposed to these technologies from merchants
Magnetic compass
Astrolabe
Lateen sail
Astronomical charts
Innovations in shipbuilding
Caravel (PT): Smaller, more nimble than junks
Carrack (PT): Good for cargo
Fluyt (Dutch): Ship exclusively for trade, cheap to build, large
Causes of European Exploration
Maritime travel was state sponsored.
Causes of European Exploration
Wanted spices
Became very expensive as they traveled across the Silk Road
European Exploration
Portugal had no choice but to expand by sea
Had technology, economic, and religious motivations
The Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange: Transfer of diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Caused by the sudden contact between the New and Old World.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
Transfer of disease
Malaria, Measles, Smallpox
Plants
Europeans brought wheat, grapes, olives & bananas, sugar
Maize introduced to Africa
Cash crops: Food grown for export
Enslaved people labored
Animals
Europeans brought pig, sheep, cattle, horses
Erosion issue
UNIT 5, 1750-1900, 12-15%
Enlightenment
Enlightenment basics
Enlightenment: Intellectual movement that applied new ways of thinking to the natural world and human relationships
Rationalism: Reason instead of emotion or authority is the most reliable source of knowledge
Empiricism: Idea that knowledge is gained through the senses
New Beliefs
Deism: Belief that there is a god that created everything, then just let people do their thing
Atheism: Rejection of religion and a notion of a divine being
New Ideas
Individualism: The most basic element of society is the individual human, not groups
Natural Rights: Each human is born with rights that cannot be taken away
John Locke: Life, Liberty, Property
Social Contract: Societies must create governments of their own will to protect their natural rights
Effects of Enlightenment ideas
Major Revolutions such as American, French, Haitian, and LATAM revolutions
Leads to intensification of nationalism
Expansion of suffrage
Abolition of slavery
End of serfdom
Transition from agricultural to industrial economy
Increase of calls for women’s suffrage
Atlantic Revolutions
Major Causes of Revolutions
Nationalism: Commonality among people based on shared culture/language/etc
Political Discontent of Imperial rule
New Ways of Thinking as a result of the Enlightenment
Popular Sovereignty: Power to govern in hands of people
Democracy: People have the right to vote
Liberalism: Ideology that emphasized the protection of rights, representative government, private property, and economic freedom
American Revolution (1776)
Colonies used to practice salutary neglect, after the Seven Years War Britain starts imposing taxes to pay for it, Americans get mad
Declaration of Independence
Leads for other nations to revolt
French Revolution (1789)
Played a part of the American revolution, brought these ideas home with them
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Haitian Revolution (1791)
Property of France, heard of the revolution in France, Toussaint Louverture leads slave revolt
LATAM Revolutions
Spanish/Portuguese colonies hear of the spread of revolutionary ideas, Creoles (second tier) mad about Peninsulares getting all power
Simon Bolivar
Letter from Jamaica
Other Movements
Propaganda Movement (Philippines)
Spanish owned, hierarchical
Philippine Revolution
Unification of Italy/Germany
Nationalism inspired fragments to unify
Industrial Revolution
The process in which states transitioned from agrarian (hand) to industrial (machine) economies
Why Great Britain?
Proximity to waterways
Geographical distribution of coal and iron
Abundant access to foreign resources
Improved agricultural productivity
Crop rotation
Seed drill
Columbian exchange brought potatoes
Rapid urbanization
Legal protection of private property
Accumulation of capital
Spread of Industrial Revolution
Steam Engine
Turned fossil fuels into mechanical energy
Facilitated the spread and pace of the Industrial Revolution
Connected the world further/faster
Rates of Industrialization
Different places had differing rates of industrialization
World becoming more divided into industrialized and non industrialized nations
GB, France, US on the increase of manufacturing, Middle East and Asia on the decrease of manufacturing
France slower rate of industrialization than GB, lacked coal and iron deposits that GB had
Russia adopts railroad and steam engine in an attempt to industrialize
Trans-Siberian railroad
Harsh working conditions of workers leads to Russian Revolution of 1905, state driven
Japan starts defensively industrializing so they wouldn’t decline like China
Meiji Restoration
Industrial Technology
Fuels and Engines
First Industrial Revolution:
Coal used for the steam engine
Used for factories, trains, ships
Second Industrial Revolution
Oil used for internal combustion engine
Leads to pollution
Steel
Iron + Carbon, far stronger than iron, cheap to use
Chemical Engineering
Electricity
Thomas Edison
Telegraph
Effects of New Tech
Development of interior regions
Increase of trade and migration
Government Sponsored Industrialization
Egypt (Ottoman)
While Egypt was under Ottoman rule, they operated mostly independently
Ottoman empire on the decline, can’t industrialize, so Egypt decides to industrialize on their own
Tanzimat Reforms
Industrial Projects
Agriculture
Tariffs
Britain screws Egypt over
Japan
Factors to industrialize:
Western powers dominating Asian states
Matthew Perry forced Japan to open trade
Japan civil war, shogunate overthrown
Meiji Restoration: Japan adopts practices that made the West powerful
Culture
Government
Constitution, parliament
Infrastructure
Economies in the Industrial Revolution
Slow Decline of Mercantilism
Mercantilism: State driven, massive role in imperialism
Mercantilism abandoned for free market economies (market driven)
Adam Smith argued mercantilism sucked and laissez faire was cooler
Free Market Critics
Jeremy Bentham
Friedrich List
Trans-National Corporations
Trans-National Corporations: A corporation established and controlled in one country but have major operations in others
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Unilever Corporation
New Financial Practices
Stock Markets
Limited Liability
Effects of Industrial Capitalism
Richer developed countries
New middle class
Mechanized farming
Reactions to the Industrial Revolution
Calls to Reform
Working class starts to call for reform
Political Reform, mass based political parties
Social Reform, people organizing into societies
Educational Reform, got kids into school, then getting better jobs
Urban Reform, people calling for sanitary changes such as sewers
Rise of Labor Unions
Labor Unions: A collective of workers joined together to protect their interests
Bargained for higher wages, better working conditions, better lives
Some turned into political parties (Ex. German Social Democratic Party)
Marxism
Karl Marx (German, lived in GB) believed capitalism was unstable, created strong class division
Communist Manifesto created
State Responses
Ex. China attempts to industrialize, British introduced Opium, Opium wars occur, self-strengthening movement, Chinese conservatives resisted, Sino-Japanese war
Ex. Ottoman Empires, “Sick Man of Europe”, try to defensively industrialize, Tanzimat Reforms
Tanzimat Reforms: Lead to the building of textile factories, implementation of Western style laws and courts, and expansive education system. All of this is secular
Young Ottomans: Wanted a European style parliament
The empire still ends up falling apart like China. I guess you could say Things were.. .Falling Apart for them.
Society and Industrial Age
New Social Classes
Industrial Working Class
Factory workers and miners
Rural people
Non-specialized
Replaceable
Middle Class
Benefited most from Industrial Revolution
White collar workers, wealthy factory owners, lawyers, doctors, teachers
Could afford things
Industrialists
Top of the social hierarchy
Owners of large corporations
Women and Industrialization
Working class women
Factory
Middle class women
Didn’t work
Domestic
Industrial Problems
Pollution
Housing shortages
Increased crime
UNIT 6, 1750-1900, 12-15%
Ideas to Justify Imperialism
New Imperialism?
Nationalism
Every state felt they are the best, must colonize to prove they had power
Scientific Racism: Idea humans can be ranked in hierarchical statuses based on race
Instead of religious differences, they separated white and non-whites
Phrenology - Skull sizes
Social Darwinism: Idea that Western imperial states were the fittest to survive
Took the idea of the fittest surviving from Darwin and ran with it
Civilizing Mission: A duty that Western nations possessed to civilize “lower” civilizations
Sent Christian missionaries
Changed colonial governments to Western models
Western style education
How Imperial States expanded
Context
Shifting Geographical focus
From 1450-1750s, expansion was focused on the Americas, Asia, and Southeast Asia
In the 1750-1900s, expansion was focused on Africa, Asia and Southeast Asia
Change in Imperial Focus
From 1450-1750, Spain and Portugal were the primary states
In the 1750-1900s, Spain and Portugal were on the decline, meanwhile Great Britain, France, and the Dutch were still big. New imperial states that rose around this time include Germany, Italy, Belgium, US, and Japan
State Takeovers
Ex: Belgium colony of Congo Free State, Dutch government taking over Indonesia from the Dutch East India company
Diplomacy and Warfare in Africa
Diplomacy: The act of coming to an agreement through communication rather than warfare
Ex: Berlin Conference/Scramble for Africa
Settler Colonies
Settler Colonies: An imperial power claiming an inhabited territory and sending people to live there
Conquering neighboring territories
Ex: US (Manifest Destiny), Russia (Pan-Slavism: Idea of uniting all slavic people under Russian rule), Japan
Indigenous Resistance to Imperialism
Causes of Resistance
Questions of political authority
Ideas from the enlightenment period caused the educated of colonized regions to question the authority of their colonizers
Growing sense of nationalism
When Western colonizers imposed their culture to the people, it invoked nationalist ideals onto the victims
How People Resisted
Direct Resistance
People fought back with violence
Ex. Indian Rebellion of 1857
Creation of New States
Ex. Trail of Tears leads to Cherokee nation
Religious Rebellion
Ex. Xhosa Cattle Killing movement in South Africa
They believed that if they killed their own dying cattle, they would be replaced with healthy cattle. This only led to their starvation and made it easier to be colonized by the British.
Global Economic Changes
Development of Export Colonies
Export Economies: Economies focused primarily on exporting raw materials and goods
Motivated to do so to obtain raw materials
Change from subsistence farming to cash crops
Causes of Economic Development
Imperial powers needed raw materials for factories
Ex: India and Egypt exported cotton to Britain, palm oil exports in West Africa
Need to supply food to growing urban centers
Industrialization lead to urbanization
Urban centers needed food imports
Effects of Economic Development
Profits from exports used to purchase finished manufactured goods
Since economies were so focused on cash crops/a specific good, they needed to import things from other colonies
Places like Britain were focused on creating a global, closed economy
Growing economic dependency on imperial parents from colonial people
Economic Imperialism
Economic Imperialism
Economic Imperialism: The act of one state extending control on another state through economic means
Ex. Opium Wars (China): British come and introduce opium to China, everyone gets addicted and it screws the Chinese over hard. The Treaty of Nanjing is signed, super unfair to China. Qing China falls after the Taiping Rebellion. Spheres of influence created after Second Opium Wars
Taiping Rebellion: Occurred due to corruption, led by “Brother of Jesus”. Chinese civil war caused by Western influence, economic struggle, rebellion occurs, heavy taxes are implemented, no representation, millions die
Boxer Rebellion: After the Taiping Rebellion, against foreign influence. Anti-Western, right before Qing Dynasty fell apart
Ex: Port of Buenos Aires (Argentina): British businesses invested in Argentina so they could extract, leads to economic dependency on Britain
Trade of Commodities
Commodity: Any good that can be bought/sold on a market
Cotton & Palm Oil
Causes of Migration
Environmental Causes of Migration
Demographic change
Global population exploded due to new medicines and varying diets
Mechanization of farming put people out of jobs, making them migrate to cities
Famine
Non-industrialized places faced famine
Technological Causes of Migration
Railroad and steamship facilitated migration
Many people were able to return home
Economic Causes of Migration
People moved to find work
Voluntary migration, Ex: Irish, German, and Italian people coming to America for work
Coerced and semi-coerced labor, Ex. Slave trade (coerced) and indentured servitude
Indentured Servitude: People signing a contract to work for someone else for a period of time in exchange for free passage to a place
Effects of Migration
Gender Imbalance
Women in home societies taking up mens’ roles
Family structures changing, women leading households
Ethnic Enclaves
Ethnic Enclave: A geographical area with a high concentration of people of the same ethnicity and culture in a foreign place
Provided a small outpost of the community’s culture
Cultural Diffusion of home cultures with the foreign cultures
Nativism
Nativism: The policy of protecting the interests of native born people over immigrants
Rooted in ethnic/racial prejudice
Leads to restricting policies
Chinese Exclusion Act (US)
White Australia Policy (AUS) - Also against Chinese
UNIT 7, 1900-2016, 8-10%
Shifting Power
Major changes during the time
Ottomans lost prestige
“Sick Man of Europe”
Slow to industrialize, attacked by other European Nations
Tanzimat reforms
Japan
Formerly isolationist, now open
Feudal structure, shogunate at top
Urban growth
New Power
First Sino-Japanese War
China defeated
Russo-Japanese War
Japan defeats Russia
World War 1
Causes of WW1
Militarism, everyone stocks up on military to protect own interests
Germany’s military becomes the best in Europe, France,
Germany’s neighbor, France tries to commit to militarism despite cost issues so it can stand up to Germany if needed
Alliances starting to form pre war
Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary,
Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia
Once mobilization had begun, it would be difficult to stop
Nationalism, pride in one’s country,
Lead to imperial expansion
Imperialism, fight for resources
See Unit 6 for more detailed information regarding Imperialism
Assassination, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary shot by Serbian Gavrilo Princip over a regional dispute, everyone mobilizes as a result
How WW1 Was Fought
World’s first total war. Total War: A war requiring the mobilization of the entire country’s population, including civilians
Propaganda
Demonized enemies, exaggerated atrocities
Used nationalism to take advantage of people
Total War Strategies
WW1 was one of the deadliest wars in human history
Trench warfare leads to years of stalemates
Used colonial people as troops
These people fought in hopes of gaining extended rights/freedom
The End of the War
US enters the war in 1917, tide turns against Germany
1918 - Treaty of Versailles
France and Britain make Germany take the losses of the war
Global Economy between World Wars
Germany's Hyperinflation
Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay reparations
Germany thought they’d win, in big debt
Germany started printing more money, leading to hyperinflation.
Nobody could pay their debts, colonial governments suffer too
Soviet Economies
Russia exits WW1 during Russian Revolution
Lenin instituted some free market principles
Joseph Stalin assumes power, institutes 5 year plan
Collectivization of agriculture: The process of merging small privately owned farms into big collective farms owned by the state
Huge famine occurs because Stalin exports everything, “Holodomor”
The Great Depression
US stock market crashes, since everyone was so reliant on US to save them, everyone suffers
FDR creates New Deal which puts people to work on infrastructure, introduced a retirement program, and created insurance for elderly/children
Tensions after WW1
Mandate System
In many places, colonial territory just moved around
Woodrow Wilson said people should be able to have self-determination (govern themselves), people took this as them being free but it didn’t
Mandate system: Middle Eastern territories would become mandates administered by the League of Nations
Class C Mandates: Smallest, least developed, treated as colonies
Class B Mandates, Larger, still underdeveloped, divided amongst winners
Class A Mandates, large, developed enough, suitable for independence
Japan Expansion
Japan invades Manchuria, violation of League of Nations rule, but they were powerless, so Japan just leaves
Puppet state called Manchukuo created
Anti-Imperialism Resistance
Indian National Congress
Formed before war
Wanted more self-rule
Mohandas Gandhi
African National Congress
South Africa
Pan-Africanism
Causes of World War 2
WW1 Grievances
Italy mad because they didn’t get the land they were promised in Austria/Ottoman Empire
Germany had to pay reparations, become demilitarized, Germany forced to shoulder the blame for the entire war
Continued Imperialism
Japan started expanding into China
Italy started expanding by attacking Ethiopia
Germany started expanding by taking Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia
Lebensraum (Living space)
Met with appeasement, Hilter releases he can do what he wants
Economic Crisis
Great Depression
Facism/Totalitarian
Fascism: A political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership and militaristic means to achieve its goals
Soviet Union
Led by Stalin, strived for the whole world to communist
Italy
Led by Mussolini, lowered standards of living and used nationalism to rouse support
Germany
Led by Hitler, used mass communication like Mussolini to rouse nationalism, made Jews the common enemy
Hitler’s Policies:
Cancel reparations payments
Remilitarize Germany
Territorial expansion
Eliminate “impure” race
Invades Poland, directly triggers WW2
How WW2 Was Fought
Mobilization
WW2 Propaganda
Aimed to invoke nationalism among people
Used to demonize their enemies
Used to sow fear
Ideologies of WW2
Fascism: Extreme nationalistic movement that glorifies the state and used military to reach glory
Communism: Rapid industrialization, Five Year Plan
Democracy
Strategies and technologies
Blitzkrieg: Shock and awe, very fast, tried to eliminate the enemy ASAP
Firebombing: Small bombs that created fires
Atomic bomb:
Atrocities of WW2
Causes of Mass Atrocities
Two world wars
120 million deaths
½ of deaths were civilians
New Technologies
Atomic bomb
Armenian Genocide
Young Turks cast suspicion on Armenians, around 1 million Armenians killed
The Holocaust
“The Final Solution”, targeted many groups, mainly Jews
Put them in ghettos, then concentration and extermination camps
Cambodian Genocide
People forced to work in camps, killed educated people because they were most Western
UNIT 8, 1900-2016, 8-10%
Cold War & Decolonization Context
Cold War: A state of hostility that exists between two states that is characterized by a struggle in ideologies rather than open warfare
Two Superpowers Arise
US & USSR
Arise due to technological & economic innovations
Economic Advantages
US becomes the most prosperous country in the world
US was able to pay for the recovery of other nations
Soviet Economy did grow, though hit by WW2
Soviet had the resources, large population, and investment before WW2
Technological Advantages
US was the one that created the atomic bomb, dropped two on Japan
USSR develop their own atomic weapons
Both powers aim to make bigger and better bombs than the other
Decolonization Context
Many troops from colonial areas fought for the mother country in hopes of gaining independence
Woodrow Wilson thought everyone should be able to self-govern
Soldiers fought again for WW2, this time after the powers showed no sign of letting them be independent, many anti-imperial sentiments started. The powers were unable to silence this and this thus led to the creation of new states
Cold War
Cold War Causes
Conflicting ideologies
Democratic Capitalism: Free-market, citizens participate in politics
Authoritarian Communism: Strict government control, equal redistribution of wealth amongst people
Stalin turns neighboring countries into communist, “Eastern bloc”
Iron Curtain: Spit through Germany, Communist and Democratic ideals clashing
Decolonization
This process created new states, both US and USSR sought to influence these states towards their ideals
Non-aligned movement
Effects of the Cold War
New Military Alliances
Eastern/Communist Bloc leads to Warsaw Pact
NATO forms as a result
Nuclear Proliferation
Both US and USSR develop lots of nuclear bombs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Fidel Castro, a communist, led Cuba
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev sent a bunch of nuclear missiles to Cuba
US pissed, puts a naval blockade around Cuba
13 years of suspense, no missiles fired
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Prevent creation of weapons
Proxy Wars
Small local wars in Africa, Asia, LATAM, where US and USSR took sides
Korean War
Soviets occupied by Soviets, South by US & Allies
North invaded South
Ends in stalemate
Angolan Civil War
Different Angola ethnic groups
US, USSR, South Africa back different groups
Contra War (Nicaragua)
US backed people attempting to overthrow socialist government
Spread of Communism
Communism in China
1911 ends dynastic rule, China becomes republic
Chinese Nationalist Party facing tensions against Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong
United to fight Japanese, after Japanese dealt with, they had a civil war
“People’s Republic of China”, collectivization of agriculture
This was peaceful unlike Russia
”Great Leap Forward” to industrialize China
20-50 million people died from starvation, Mao Zedong refused aid
Other Socialism/Communist movements
Egypt claims independence, implements some socialist things that pisses everyone off
Japan occupied Vietnam, Vietnam proclaims independence from both
Communist North/Anti-Communist South
Cuba, Fidel Castro
Decolonization
Negotiated Independence
Places with low European Whites population faced less issues splitting apart
India gets growing middle class who wanted self rule
Indian National Congress formed, ignored by British
Indians had fought for British in WW1, almost led to warfare
Mohandas Gandhi is peaceful, civil disobedience
Fought for the British in WW2, demanded peace. Britain too poor to say no
Gold Coast in Africa
British colony, British couldn’t say no
Ghana formed
Armed Struggle
Places with a higher percentage of European Whites struggled more to split apart from their colonizers
Algeria had a large French population which resisted independence movements
National Liberation Front occurred
French super brutal, targeted civilians
Charles de Gaulle declared independence for Algeria
Angola
Portuguese colony
Rival Angolan ethnic groups fell in a civil war after gaining independence, becomes a proxy war
Problems of Colonial Boundaries
Split ethnic groups, violent power struggles
Nigeria
Igbo (Christian) wanted their own place, but since it had a lot of oil the North resisted. Eventually united into one Nigeria
State Building After Decolonization
Conflict in New States
Boundary Conflicts
Partition of India
Muslims skeptical, push for their own state
Kashmir region in war
Israel
Palestine transferred to Great Britain
Zionism
Balfour Declaration
Government Involvement in Economies
Gamel Abdel Nasser (Egypt)
Non-aligned movement
Nationalized Suez Canal
Aswan High Dam
Social Welfare
Indira Gandhi (India)
5 year socialist economic plans
Green Revolution
Migration to Metropoles
Metropoles: Designated the territory of the imperial country in distinction from their colonial holdings
Like the main colonizer home place, motherland-esque
Some people from India migrated to Great Britain
Resistance to Power
Non-Violent Resistance
Mohandas Gandhi
Non-violence, Civil-Disobedience
Homespun Movement, boycott textiles
Salt March, harvested their own salt
MLK Jr
Inspiration from Gandhi
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Nelson Mandela
Apartheid in South Africa
Non-violent resistance
Mandela then switches to violence
Intensification of Conflict
Augusto Pinochet in Chile
Assumed power as a dictator
Idi Amin in Uganda
Super violent, targeted South Asians
Military Industrial Complex
US and USSR spending a bunch to make weapons, stuck in a cycle
Violence Against Civilians
Terrorism
Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden
9/11
End of the Cold War
Advancements in the US
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
No more nuclear weapons
Reagan kills it
Strategic Defense Initiative
Shooting missiles from space down
Soviet on the economic decline
Troubles in Afghanistan
Soviets trying to get Afghanistan
Afghan rebels supported by US
Kills Soviet economy even more
Gorbachev’s Policies
Mikhail Gorbachev
Perestroika: Changed economic structure, reduced central planning
Glasnost: “Openness”, Criticism against the government is now allowed
No more military intervention
Soviet Union dissolves
UNIT 9, 1900-2016, 8-10%
Globalization and Technology
Globalization:
New Communication Technologies
Solving the problem of geographical distance
Radio
Television
Cellular Devices
Internet
World Wide Web
Transportation Technology
Automobiles
Air travel
Shipping Containers
Facilitated the move of business’ manufacturing to developing countries
Energy Technologies
Petroleum better than coal, increased production
Nuclear power
Little pollution
Medical Technologies
Antibiotics
Penicillin first antibiotic
Vaccines
Spike in use, effective against most persistent disease
Birth control
Fertility rates decreased
Agricultural Technologies
Commercial farming instead of subsistence farming
Green Revolution
Genetic Modification
Spread of Disease with Globalization
Diseases Associated with Poverty
Malaria
spread by mosquitoes in tropical regions
Many deaths in Africa
Tuberculosis
Airborne lung disease
Epidemics and Pandemics
1918 Influenza Pandemic/Spanish flu
Deadliest pandemic of the century
Spread rapidly
50 million lives claimed in 2 years
HIV/AIDS
Millions of people dying worldwide
Associated with gays and drug addicts
Deadly in impoverished communities
Diseases Associated with Aging
Alzheimer’s Disease
Memory loss
Heart Disease
Environmental Effects on Land
Land Issues
Deforestation Causes
Urbanization requires more land, clear forests
More Farmland needed, rainforests cut down, extinct animals
Leads to pollution
Desertification
Fertile land becoming infertile
Air/Water Problems
Decline in air quality
Fossil fuels cook the environment
Great Smog in London
Competition over water supply
3% of water on Earth usable
Climate change: Warming of the planet due to greenhouse gases
Globalized Economics
Spread of Free-Market Economies
Neoliberalism: Economic emphasis on free market policies that include the lowering of trade barriers like tariffs, deregulation of industry, and the transfer of public sector industries to private parties
US liberalized economy by Ronald Reagan
UK liberalized economy by Margaret Thatcher
Chile liberalized economy by Augusto Pinochet
Chicago Boys tried to solve Chile’s economic problems
Global & Regional Economic Institutions
Cost of domestic manufacturing increased, global distribution of works changed
Wealthier developed countries became characterized by knowledge workers whose main capital was their minds
Finland and Japan invested in education
Manufacturing was now increasingly located in developing countries where international businesses could save money
Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, Honduras
Global & Regional Economic Institutions
World Trade Organization
Promotes global trade, assists developing countries
European Union
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Low tariffs
Rise of Multinational Corporations
Multinational Corporation: An entity which is incorporated in one country but manufactures and sells goods in other countries
Employ knowledge workers in their own countries and manufacture in others, kind of like Joint-stock companies
Nestle
Mahindra and Mahindra, Indian company that makes automobiles
Globalization and Calls for Reform
Movements for Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
United Nations, basic human rights that every human being has
Established UNICEF
United Nations First World Conference on Women
Advancement of women
The Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
International Rights for Women
Negritude Movement
Black Equality movement, literary and ideological movement
Elevated black culture, made it positive
Liberation Theology
LATAM religious movement
Transformation of oppressive power structures
Greater Access to Education and Politics
Women’s Suffrage
US (1920)
Turkey (1934)
Japan (1945)
Civil Rights Act
Passed due to Civil Rights movement
Caste Reservation System
Specific percentage of government jobs saved for marginalized Caste groups
Protests Against Globalization
Environmentalism
Greenpeace
Nonviolent protest tactics to raise awareness and advocate for environmental protections
World Fair Trade Organization
Global Culture
Arts, Entertainment, and Sports
Local culture deeply influenced by global culture
Arts
Reggae music from Jamaica worldwide
K-Pop in South Korea
Entertainment
Hollywood contributed to global culture
Bollywood in India
Some worry about cultural Imperialism
Global Sports
Spectator sports big in 20th century
Promote nationalism
Consumer Culture
Consumer culture: Describes a lifestyle dedicated to spending money on mass produced material goods
Clothing, household appliances
US doubles down on this, then it became a global phenomenon
Global brands: McDonalds, KFC, Coca-cola, Toyota
Online retailers: Alibaba, Ebay
Resistance to Globalization
Globalization: Positive or Negative?
Positive Effects
Leads to the largest bout of economic growth ever
Global movements for human rights implemented on a massive scale
Negative Effects
Multinational corporations exploiting labor in developing countries
Criticism against Globalization
People against this argued that things like this and the WTO marginalized populations in the global south,
People also argued that the global approach undermines local economic decisions
Resistance to Economic Globalizations
Brettons Wood Conference: Aimed to construct a post war world that would be more stable and contribute to economic flourishing
Global Institutions
World Bank: Financial assistance for reconstruction of Europe, then switched to providing loans to developing countries
International Monetary Fund: Facilitates money cooperation between all the states in the world
These aimed to promote trade and keep global currency stable and free flowing
Battle for Seattle
Massive anti-globalization outside
Marked beginning of big anti-globalization movement
Resistance to Cultural Globalization
Social media such as Facebook and Twitter catalyst for spread of culture
China shut down social medias like Facebook and Twitter, replaced it with Weibo in which they filtered out whatever they wanted
Institutions That Developed
Supranational Organizations
United Nations
Created after WW2 to create an international body, League of Nations 2.0
Aimed to prevent war and to facilitate cooperation
General Assembly: Includes representatives from all member nations today, (193/195 states, Vatican city & Palestine permanent observers)
Body of the UN responsible for discussing and making policies for all member nations
UNICEF
Security Council: Responsible for keeping peace in a globalized world, made up of 5 permanent members (US, China, France, Russia, and UK, and ten rotating representatives)
Each 5 members has veto powers
Russia vetoed the condemnation of their invasion of Ukraine
UK and US veto Palestine joining as a member of the UN
Authority to send military peacekeepers to help stabilize violent situations and to impose economic sanctions on states that are creating the conditions for violence and war or otherwise violating human rights