AP World History

Mr. Chapman

Unit 4 Outline

Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

1. Motivations for European exploration of the world’s oceans.

• The search for basic resources and lands suitable for the cultivation of cash crop

• Desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets

• Aspiration to expand the influence of Christianity

1. Identify how European and Arab mariners were able to determine latitude in the 15th century.

• Arab sailors were using simpler and more serviceable instruments for determining latitude

• Portuguese used as models for the construction of cross and back staffs

• Europeans used compasses to determine their heading in the Mediterranean and Atlantic waters

• They ventured into the oceans and gradually compiled a body of knowledge about winds and currents that determined navigational activities

• Got rid of the middle man

1. Explain the Volta do Mar.

• It was a strategy that enabled them to sail from the canaries to Portugal

• Sailed northwest into the open ocean until they found westerly winds and then turned east for the last leg of the homeward journey

• Took mariners well out of their way

• Europeans mariners enabled them to travel reliably to coastlines throughout the world

1. Effects of Vasco da Gama’s sea routes to the Indian Ocean.

• He allowed the sea winds to carry him southwest until he approached Brazil

• Then he caught prevailing westerlies and that led him to sail east

• He rounded the cape of Good Hope then entered the Indian Ocean

• He was able to move pepper and cinnamon which was hugely profitable

• It was able to build trading posts and soon at India and the Indian Ocean basin

1. Identify results of European exploration of the Pacific Ocean by 1800.

• There were more ports that were able to be built which led to more trading and cargoes being sent around

• They were able to establish a trade route between Philippines and Mexico

1. Why were Portuguese mariners able to build a trading-post empire in the 16th century?

• They wanted to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there

• They built more than fifty trading posts and they obtained permission to establish other trading posts

1. Discuss how the English East India Company and the VOC operated.

• Private merchants sent funds to launch these companies, gave them ships and crews, and provided them with commodities and money to trade

• They experienced immediate financial success

• Their charters granted them right to buy, sell, build trading posts, and even make war in the interest of the company

1. Explain how the British benefited from the Seven Years’ War.

• British and French armies made separate alliances with indigenous peoples in order to out maneuver each other

• British were able to handily overcome their opponents

• It put Britain in a position to dominate world trade for the foreseeable future

• Paved the way for the establishment of the British empire

1. Discuss the positive and negative effects of the Columbian exchange.

Negatives

• Involved lands with flora, fauna, and diseases

• Disease led to an extreme decrease in population

• Disease affected indigenous peoples

Positives

• Later increased with food crops and animals it sponsored

1. List the European diseases that spread through the Americas and why they spread so rapidly.

2. Smallpox

3. Measles

4. Influenza

• They spread because of the lack of immunity to the diseases

Chapter 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

1. Explain the encomienda system.

• Recruitment of labor came through an institution

• Gave Spanish encomenderos (settlers) the right to compel the Taino to work in their mines or fields

• Assumed responsibility to look after the workers’ health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity

1. Role of viceroys in Spanish colonial governments.

• To not build personal power bases and become independent

• KIngs subjected them to a review of courts

• They were the king’s representatives in the Americas

1. Discuss how Portugal gained an empire in Brazil.

• Their presence came about by an odd twist of diplomatic convention

• Portugal gained territory along the northeastern part of the South American continent

• Interest rose when entrepreneurs established profitable sugar plantations on the coast

1. Compare and contrast the political administration of English and Spanish colonies.

• They differed in several ways

• Individuals put up the money to finance expeditions to America

• They retained much more control over their colonies affairs than did their Iberian counterpartsEnglish colonies maintained their own assemblies and influence the choice of royal governors

1. Explain and define the hierarchy in Spanish colonies.

• Peninsular es were migrants born in Europe were at the top

• DOminantes peoples

• Next, criollos are those born in the AMericas of Iberian parents

• Zambia and other mixed parentage became prominent groups

1. Explain how the mining industries of the Americas stimulated global economic growth.

• Silver produced profits for private investors and revenues for the crown

• American silver helped Spanish kings finance a powerful army and bureaucracy

• American silver quickly traveled throughout the world and powerfully stimulated global trade

1. How was the production of sugar different from other commodities in the Americas?

• Sugar was figured to be the most important export

• Operated on very small profit margins

• Exalted social position often disguised difficult financial predicaments

1. Explain why indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America accepted Christianity as opposed to peoples of North America.

• Accepted

• Sought converts and blending began

• Assimilation already existed

• Thought that their gods abandoned them and CHristianity showed salvation

• Rejected

• No effort into seeking converts

• Did not bring benefits

• Didn’t live in one spot making missionaries.

1. List the most valuable commodity for the Spanish in the Americas.

• Sliver

• Gold

1. How did European settlers justify seizing native lands in North America?

• The colonizers thought they were superior to all those of non-European descent, and some did not consider Indigenous Peoples to be “people” at all.

• They did not consider Indigenous laws, governments, medicines, cultures, beliefs, or relationships to be legitimate.

• Tried to modernize and do the best so they needed control

• Negotiated and led to a treaty and wasn’t forced

Chapter 25: African and the Atlantic World

1. Explain the relations between Portugal and Kongo and why it was ultimately destroyed.

• There was a small Portuguese fleet initiated commercial relation with Kongo

• Brought wealth and foreign recognition

• Portuguese sought high-value merchandise

• Portuguese forces aided Kongo, agents began to pursue opportunities south of Kongo

• The colonists went to war with them and won, led to merchants withdrawing from Kongo and went elsewhere

• Led to kingdom of Kongo being largely disintegrated

1. Who is Queen Nzinga and how did she resist European conquests?

• She led spirited resistance against Portuguese forces

• Dressed as a male warrior and insisted that her subjects referred to her as king

• Mobilized Central African peoples against her Portuguese adversaries

• Her aim was to drive the Portuguese from her land, expel the Dutch, and finally create a vast Central African empire

• Unable to oust Portuguese forces

1. Why did the population of Africa actually increase in the 18th century?

• American food crops supported expanding populations

• Bananas, yams, rice, millet, and manioc

• Bread made from manioc flour

1. List the factors that led to the decline of slavery.

• The slave trade ceased to be profitable.

• Plantations ceased to be profitable.

• The slave trade was overtaken by a more profitable use of ships.

• Increased in costs for slaves and transportation of the slaves

• Sugar also decreased so no point in buying them

1. Identify the characteristics of slavery in Africa.

• COmmon throughout Africa

• Came from the ranks of war captives

• Often employed slaves as administrators and soldiers

• Those who controlled large numbers of individuals were able to harvest more crops and accumulate more wealth than others

1. Explain how the Portuguese slave trade changed from the mid-fifteenth century to the mid-sixteenth century.

• Portuguese population was too small to provide large numbers of colonists

• Relied on slave labor and production soared along with the demand for sugar

• Spanish settlers began to rely on imported African slaves as laborers

• The demand Stimulated a profitable commerce, the triangular trade

• Increased because sugar plantations became more established in more places

1. Explain the triangular trans-Atlantic trade.

• On the first leg, they carried horses and European manufactured goods that they exchanged in sub-Saharan Africa for slaves

• The3 second leg took enslaved Africans to the Caribbean and American destinations

• At every stage, the slave trade was a brutal and inhumane business

1. Explain why African slaves were in demand in the New World.

• People were in demand because they needed workers to field the sugar and work on the Plantations

1. Explain the middle passage.

• The trans-Atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded slave ships

• Passengers traveled below decks in hideously cramped corners

• Conditions sucked, people tried to die so they didn’t have to go through that

1. List examples of African culture in the Americas.

• Music that were attuned to the plantation landscape

• Played drums and stringed instruments

• Music of spirituals that blended Christian, European, and African influences

• Religions drew inspiration from Christianity

• European language was dominant but they spoke a creole tongue

Chapter 28 Outline

Chapter 28: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

1. How did the Enlightenment challenge long held beliefs and practices regarding sovereignty in Europe?

• Inspired idea of popular sovereignty, that the government ruled for the people

• That people should have a say in how the nation is governed

1. How does the Declaration of Independence reflect the ideals of the Enlightenment?

• Rights of an individual

1. How is the principle of popular sovereignty embedded in the United States Constitution?

• Government ruling for the people

• To change the government if they break the people’s natural rights

1. List the caused of the French Revolution in 1789.

• New political , social, and cultural constructs

• High taxation

• Meeting of the three estates

1. In what ways did Napoleon bring stability to France?

• Peace with church

• United France with stability at the political areas

• Ends idea of ancient regime

• Equality, but no political equality bc he ruled as dictator

1. Identify the reasons why the Haitian revolution was successful.

• Took place after French Revolution

• British and French intervene to weaken the French

• Gens de couleur

• Toussaint Louverture

1. Explain the hierarchy in Latin America and identify the groups who fought for power during the revolutions in Latin America.

• How are they getting along with each other

• Peninsulares - people from the European fathers

• Criollos - born in the Americas (European born in Western Hemisphere )

  • Feel that the peninsulares hold too much power and they hold a successful uprising against them

• Creoles -

• Mestizos - born of Iberian and indigenous peoples

• Mulatous - born of Iberian and African parents

• Indigenous peoples

• African peoples/ slaves

1. Explain political conservatism in the nineteenth century.

• Thought change would result in radical and anarchical change

1. Explain political liberalism in the nineteenth century.

• Thought change was a positive always came with thE best interests of society

• Heavy enlightenment thought

1. Identify the effects of cultural nationalism from 1750-1900.

• Unified ethnic groups

• Emphasized policatly loyalty

• Anti-semitism

• National community