1.1 Developments in East Asia

The Song Dynasty utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
Chinese cultural traditions influenced neighboring regions.
Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in
Asia in a variety of branches, schools. and practices.
The economy of Song China increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor
The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovation in agriculture and manufacturing.

1.2 Developments in Dar-al-Islam

Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity
Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.
Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.
Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.
Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

The Song Dynasty utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
Chinese cultural traditions influenced neighboring regions.
Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in
Asia in a variety of branches, schools. and practices.
The economy of Song China increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor
The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovation in agriculture and manufacturing.

Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity
Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.
Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.
Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.
Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.