Chapter 15.1 Patterns of Migration
covers assignments 1-2
Population Explosion:
Rapid growth in human population during the twentieth century that quadrupled human numbers, from 1900 to the 2010s
Experienced in the Global South, primarily.
Causes
Happened primarily due to new medical technologies like antibiotics, vaccines, and x-rays lowering the death rate.
Governments and international agencies like the UN pushed public health programs.
Clean drinking water and malaria treatment
Green Revolution
Period of agricultural innovation allowing for food production to keep up with a growing population
Mechanical harvesters, chemical fertilizers, and development of new breeds of crops
Helped to sustain population growth in all countries, even those developing
Causes of the decline of population growth toward the end of 20th century:
Global North: Birth rates declined due to the availability of birth control, the self-autonomy of many educated women, and the economic burden of having children.
Global South: The same as the Global North, but urbanization and increased education, and also vigorous state-led family programs (Like the One-Child Family Policy) contributed to how population growth was not only slowed but moderated.
Causes of Migration in the 20th century:
New transport innovations like steamships, trains, cars, and airplanes allowed for the rapid movement of people and goods
War, famine, climate change, poverty, and urban growth motivated people to move.
Global Urbanization:
Definition: The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunity in the urban industries.
Causes, in depth:
Mechanized farming and Green Revolution decreased the need for rural labor.
Employment demand in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry pushed many to live in the advanced cities.
Cities were also attractive because of better infrastructure and health care.
Developing nations industrializing after 1950
Effects:
People moving out of villages and rural settings made it difficult for the remaining citizens to keep up economically.
People moved heavily to urban centers, some becoming megacities classified with over 10 million people.
Differences in global urbanization:
The world wars and Depression initially slowed the growth of cities, with some being damaged in Europe and Asia due to fighting.
The postwar economic boom, allowed for the revival of Western cities, however.
Communist states like China and the Soviet bloc moderated urban migration heavily
An example of this is the 1958 household registration system, which limited the movement of rural workers to cities.
This was relinquished in 1980, allowing for a huge urban boom.
Wealth was concentrated in cities, but inequality was strongly common between the classes that lived in it.
Environmental effects:
Human consumption of resources, the lack of servicing for the slums, and manufacturing damaged the environment and the health of many residents.
Long-distance migration:
People commonly migrated from developing countries like in Latin America and Africa or elsewhere to Europe
War, revolution, and the end of empire drove significant human migration during the twentieth century
Examples include population exchanges between Turkey and Greece and Jewish migration to Israel
Partition-related conflicts in India and the Rwandan Genocide also caused displacement
Geographical differences:
Migration patterns varied across regions, with some having influxes and others seeing mass exoduses
Displaced populations often sought refuge in neighboring countries or more politically stable countries
Mass migrations led to demographic shifts and trans-cultural transformations in both sending and receiving countries
Global Migration Trends:
Economic differences between developed and developing nations fuels migration from Asia, Africa, Latin America to Europe and North America.
Labor migration, driven by economic opportunity, resulted in large numbers of migrants seeking employment abroad
Many migrants relied on human smugglers and risks during dangerous crossings.
Cultural integration:
Pressures for assimilation:
Host countries expected migrants to assimilate by adopting the language, political values, and cultural norms.
Often took several generations
Migrants faced challenges balancing assimilation with their own cultural identity.
Conflicts:
Tensions arose over issues like Muslim headscarves in France and the localization of English in the US
Impacts of these conflicts:
Migrants contributed to the cultural diversity of host societies, bringing traditions and perspectives
Debates about national identity, multiculturalism, and diversity were fueled by migration.
Increased connectivity and urbanization was the primary cause for the spread of diseases globally.
Growing populations, urban living, and unprecedented mobility facilitated the spread of diseases across the globe.
Modern transportation, including commercial air travel, allowed pathogens to mutate and spread more efficiently.
Historic Pandemics:
The early twentieth century witnessed the devastating 1918 influenza pandemic, resulting in 50 to 100 million deaths globally.
Carried by soldiers, refugees, and dislocated people returning home from WWI -
The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s led to a second global pandemic, primarily spread through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, and intravenous drug use.
Global Coordination and Communication:
Modern communication enabled rapid dissemination of information about new diseases, prompting governments to take action.
National and international institutions, such as the World Health Organization, were established to coordinate efforts to combat diseases and pandemics.
Innovations in medical research and technology led to the development of treatments for diseases like HIV/AIDS, transforming it from a major killer into a manageable chronic illness.
Efforts to identify, track, and stop the spread of new diseases, such as SARS, Ebola, and Zika, prompted large-scale international responses.
AP C&C: How have global responses to diseases and pandemics changed over the past century?
Over the past century, responses to diseases and pandemics have evolved from localized efforts to coordinated international actions. With increased connectivity and urbanization, the spread of diseases has become more rapid and widespread. Advancements in medical research, technology, and international collaboration have led to improved strategies for disease prevention, detection, and management. National and international institutions play a crucial role in coordinating efforts to combat diseases and mitigate their impact on global health and society.
covers assignments 1-2
Population Explosion:
Rapid growth in human population during the twentieth century that quadrupled human numbers, from 1900 to the 2010s
Experienced in the Global South, primarily.
Causes
Happened primarily due to new medical technologies like antibiotics, vaccines, and x-rays lowering the death rate.
Governments and international agencies like the UN pushed public health programs.
Clean drinking water and malaria treatment
Green Revolution
Period of agricultural innovation allowing for food production to keep up with a growing population
Mechanical harvesters, chemical fertilizers, and development of new breeds of crops
Helped to sustain population growth in all countries, even those developing
Causes of the decline of population growth toward the end of 20th century:
Global North: Birth rates declined due to the availability of birth control, the self-autonomy of many educated women, and the economic burden of having children.
Global South: The same as the Global North, but urbanization and increased education, and also vigorous state-led family programs (Like the One-Child Family Policy) contributed to how population growth was not only slowed but moderated.
Causes of Migration in the 20th century:
New transport innovations like steamships, trains, cars, and airplanes allowed for the rapid movement of people and goods
War, famine, climate change, poverty, and urban growth motivated people to move.
Global Urbanization:
Definition: The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunity in the urban industries.
Causes, in depth:
Mechanized farming and Green Revolution decreased the need for rural labor.
Employment demand in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry pushed many to live in the advanced cities.
Cities were also attractive because of better infrastructure and health care.
Developing nations industrializing after 1950
Effects:
People moving out of villages and rural settings made it difficult for the remaining citizens to keep up economically.
People moved heavily to urban centers, some becoming megacities classified with over 10 million people.
Differences in global urbanization:
The world wars and Depression initially slowed the growth of cities, with some being damaged in Europe and Asia due to fighting.
The postwar economic boom, allowed for the revival of Western cities, however.
Communist states like China and the Soviet bloc moderated urban migration heavily
An example of this is the 1958 household registration system, which limited the movement of rural workers to cities.
This was relinquished in 1980, allowing for a huge urban boom.
Wealth was concentrated in cities, but inequality was strongly common between the classes that lived in it.
Environmental effects:
Human consumption of resources, the lack of servicing for the slums, and manufacturing damaged the environment and the health of many residents.
Long-distance migration:
People commonly migrated from developing countries like in Latin America and Africa or elsewhere to Europe
War, revolution, and the end of empire drove significant human migration during the twentieth century
Examples include population exchanges between Turkey and Greece and Jewish migration to Israel
Partition-related conflicts in India and the Rwandan Genocide also caused displacement
Geographical differences:
Migration patterns varied across regions, with some having influxes and others seeing mass exoduses
Displaced populations often sought refuge in neighboring countries or more politically stable countries
Mass migrations led to demographic shifts and trans-cultural transformations in both sending and receiving countries
Global Migration Trends:
Economic differences between developed and developing nations fuels migration from Asia, Africa, Latin America to Europe and North America.
Labor migration, driven by economic opportunity, resulted in large numbers of migrants seeking employment abroad
Many migrants relied on human smugglers and risks during dangerous crossings.
Cultural integration:
Pressures for assimilation:
Host countries expected migrants to assimilate by adopting the language, political values, and cultural norms.
Often took several generations
Migrants faced challenges balancing assimilation with their own cultural identity.
Conflicts:
Tensions arose over issues like Muslim headscarves in France and the localization of English in the US
Impacts of these conflicts:
Migrants contributed to the cultural diversity of host societies, bringing traditions and perspectives
Debates about national identity, multiculturalism, and diversity were fueled by migration.
Increased connectivity and urbanization was the primary cause for the spread of diseases globally.
Growing populations, urban living, and unprecedented mobility facilitated the spread of diseases across the globe.
Modern transportation, including commercial air travel, allowed pathogens to mutate and spread more efficiently.
Historic Pandemics:
The early twentieth century witnessed the devastating 1918 influenza pandemic, resulting in 50 to 100 million deaths globally.
Carried by soldiers, refugees, and dislocated people returning home from WWI -
The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s led to a second global pandemic, primarily spread through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, and intravenous drug use.
Global Coordination and Communication:
Modern communication enabled rapid dissemination of information about new diseases, prompting governments to take action.
National and international institutions, such as the World Health Organization, were established to coordinate efforts to combat diseases and pandemics.
Innovations in medical research and technology led to the development of treatments for diseases like HIV/AIDS, transforming it from a major killer into a manageable chronic illness.
Efforts to identify, track, and stop the spread of new diseases, such as SARS, Ebola, and Zika, prompted large-scale international responses.
AP C&C: How have global responses to diseases and pandemics changed over the past century?
Over the past century, responses to diseases and pandemics have evolved from localized efforts to coordinated international actions. With increased connectivity and urbanization, the spread of diseases has become more rapid and widespread. Advancements in medical research, technology, and international collaboration have led to improved strategies for disease prevention, detection, and management. National and international institutions play a crucial role in coordinating efforts to combat diseases and mitigate their impact on global health and society.
