Evolution Exam 2

1. no living decedents

2. extinction, diversification

3. continents

1. no living decedents

2. extinction, diversification

3. continents

The fossil record reveals the existence of:

1. innumerable organisms that have ______

2. great episodes of ______ and _________

3. movements of ______ and organisms that explain their present distributions

magma

extruded from earth and forms rocks at the surface

lithosphere

Earths’ rocky surface layer

astenosphere

viscous layer under the lithosphere

seams in the mid-oceanic ridge

Where is most magma extruded from?

igneous

what type of rock is formed from extruded magma?

sedimentary rock

in what type of rock can you find most fossils?

no

are fossils found in igneous rocks?

Alfred Wenger

Who proposed the idea of continental drift and plate tectonics?

8

How many major plates make up Earth's lithosphere?

subduction

what is the process one plate gets pushed down under another plate as they move towards each other called?

mountain ranges

what geological feature is subduction the main explanation for

14 billion

Astronomers have amassed evidence that the universe originated how many years ago?

4.6 billion

How many years old is earth approximately?

3.7 billion years

The oldest fossils of life are approximately how old?

radiometric dating

what is used to determine ages of geological events?

constant

In radiometric dating, the decay of radioactive parent atoms into stable daughter atoms occurs at a ________ rate.

igneous rocks

What kind of rocks can be radiometricly dated?

using bracketed strata

How can the ages of fossils in sedimentary rock be found?

younger

The law of superposition states that upper strata are ________ than lower strata

paleomagnetic dating

-Tracks changes in earth's magnetic poles -Looks for changes in orientation in metal grains which happens when magnetic north switches every 200,000 yrs

periods

In geologic time, what are eras divided into?

very rare

Fossilization is...

1. soft, delicate

2. fast decay

3. geological conditions

4. another location

fossilization is rare because

1. ______ tissues/organisms rarely fossilize.

2. Many environments are conducive to _______.

3. Many __________ must be met.

4. Evolutionary change may have occurred in _______.

permineralization

mechanism of fossilization where empty spaces in an organism fill w/ mineral rich water and become rock like over time and creates fossil of empty space in organism (ie body cavity)

casts and molds

mechanism of fossilization that creates fossil of an impression species has made (ex: footprint or leaf imprint)

replacement and crystallization

mechanism of fossilization where elements of molecules get replaced by others leaving perfect replacement of an organism itself

replacement and crystallization

what is the most common form of fossilization?

1. time periods

2. time intervals

3. extinct

4. steady

The fossil record is very incomplete.

1. Many _______ are represented by few sedimentary formations worldwide.

2. Many lineages are represented only at very widely separated ________.

3. Many ______ species are only known from a few specimens.

4. New fossil taxa are found at a ______ rate.

vary

Rates of extinction _____ over time

minimize

Natural selection favors behaviors that _______ predation risk

capture prey

Natural selection favors improved abilities to ______ in predators.

mass extinction

Extinction of numerous groups of organisms over broad geographic range

5-8

How many mass extinctions have occured in the last 600 million yrs

gradual and supernova

Two rejected hypothesis regarding the KT mass extinction

Walter Alvarez

who examined strata that denote end of cretaceaous and start of tertiary period to find proof for asteroid hypothesis?

Iridium

-extremely rare in earth's crust -Extraterrestrial in origin -Eventually found chicxulub crater, formed by KT extinction event

30 million

An asteroid of significant size makes impact with earth once every _______ years on average

no

Is species longevity correlated with extinction?

yes

Is geographic range correlated with extinction?

macroevolution

evolutionary change over long periods of geological time

higher taxa

The evolution of differences between ______ is simply the evolution of species differences

evolutionary trends

Characters that evolve in the same direction in multiple species

Cope’s rule

Same trend occurs among many higher taxonomic groups of organisms

change greatly

Rates of evolution ______ over time

transported to new regions

generally rates of evolutionary change are far greater in species that have been ________

Hippocrates

Developed the blended hypothesis of inheritance

Gregor Mendel

Developed the particulate hypothesis of inheritance

segregation and independent assortment

What 2 laws of inheritance did Mendel identify?

law of segregation

2 alleles for character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

law of independent assortment

each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation.(when on different nonhomologous chromosomes)

extended phenotypes

includes things that animals build Ex: dams, bird nests

universal

The genetic code is nearly ______

yes

Can genes be transcribed and translated after transplantation from one species to another?

adenine and guanine

Which nucleotide base pairs in DNA are purines?

thymine and cytosine

Which nucleotide base pairs in DNA are pyrimadines?

regulatory elements

What is the process of transcription controlled by?

introns

What are non-coding regions of a DNA molecule called

RNA

What kind of bases specify amino acids to be coded?

genetic code

specifies how messenger RNA codons make amino acids

DNA replication (S phase)

When do most mutations occur

transition

point mutation that substitutes purine for purine or pyrimadine for pyrimadine

transversion

point mutation that a purine for a pyrimadine or vice versa

Synonymous mutations

neutral, do not affect protein coded for

Nonsynonomous mutations

change protein coded for

frameshift mutation

Addition or subtraction that leads to shift in reading frame altering many amino acids coded afterwords

translocation

where a chromosome segment moves to a nonhomologous chromosome or different place on the chromosome.

inversion

where a segment of a chromosome is turned 180 degrees

polyploidy

-having more than the diploid set of chromosomes. -Arises via failure of the reduction division in meiosis or cytokinesis in mitosis

autopolyploid

-More than two sets of chromosomes -Two species produce hybrids with chromosome sets (diploid) from both parents

neither

Are mutations directed more towards positive or negative effects on fitness

equally likely, equally mutable, environmental factors

Mutations occur at random -> does not mean All conceivable mutations ________ All loci ________ ______________ cannot influence mutation rates

cannot predict, advantageous

Does mean that… We _______ which gene copies will undergo mutation Chance particular mutation will occur not influenced by whether organism in environment where it is _______

fitness

measure of reproductive success

homeotic mutations

mutations in genes that affect transcription and translation of other genes

deletarious

What is the average effect of mutations that do affect fitness?

random fertilization

any sperm can fuse with any ovum

recurrent mutation

the repeated origin of a particular mutation