Week 6 Lecture

How Cotton Transformed the South

·      New cotton found in Mississippi (Petit Gulf)

                  -didn’t need to be planted by water

                -grown anywhere and quickly replaced tobacco and rice

                -newest and most popular cash crop

·      Cotton was in high demand in Europe and the US

             -cotton is used to make cloth

             -increase in demand because of the faster machines

                       -more products could be made in less time

·      From 1835 to 1861 (Civil War)

             -cotton was 55% of American exports

·      Very Important to ALL of America not just the South

Results of the Adoption of Cotton Production in the South

1.   The Creation of New States

-began around same time natives were kicked from their land (East of Mississippi to the West)

-auctioned off land formerly the Natives to Euro-Americans for cheap

-Created: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, and Arkansas

-Expanded Georgia (the state)

2.   The  “Second Middle Passage”

       -expansion led to slaves being sold from Upper South to Lower South

                     -brought people to live in harsher conditions on plantations in the Lower South

         -large numbers of enslaved people from one region to another (conditions worsening)

         -still affects everyday life such as voting

Life Harder for Those in Slavery

·      Planters/enslavers made lots of money but at the cost of competition and needing lots of manual labor

                                                -more slaves the more cotton that could be produced to make profit

·      Cotton production increased 600% per slave (1820 -1860)

·      Slaves faced more work and harsher punishments

·      Plantations only been around for 40 years

                       -ideal of “ long held traditions” were not even a century old

·      Designed laws to protect slavery and their plantation economy

The Enslaved Population of the South

·      South population was 700,000 people (1760)

                          -grown to 4 million (1860)

                           -almost half didn’t work on plantations but instead artisans

                            -52% had houses far enough away from owners to have/build communities

Family and Religion

·      Enslaved families and marriages didn’t count under law

·      Quilt making, wood carving, storytelling, and dancing happened in communities

·      Shouldn’t be Christian because you shouldn’t enslave people who share the same religion as you

·      “Slave bible”  (90% Old Testament and 50% New removed)

Week 7 Lecture

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

·      US government bought territory West of the Mississippi from the French

                -sold claim to land not the land itself

·      Led to the creation of the Indian Territory

                                 -chunk of land West of the Mississippi

                                 -destination for Natives during the Indian Removal

The War of 1812 (1812-1815)

·      The war between USA/some native nations and Britain/Canda/many native nations

1.   The Shawnee Nation (Ohio) and the United Indigenous Front Against American Expansion

·      Two brothers from the Shawnee Nation

                   -Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

                    - Tenskwatawa was a religious prophet

·      Led a war to prevent American expansion

·      Tecumseh traveled up and down the borderlands of the USA east of the Mississippi to convince Indigenous nations to band together and fight the USA

                     -to create their own indigenous state

·      Joined the British once 1812 started

2.   The “Upper Creek” Muscogee in Alabama

·      Remained politically independent

·      Upper Creek with Tecumseh (AL)

·      Lower Creek with America/neutral (GA)

             -Upper won many battles

             -America brought in militia (won 20 million)

·      America won and killed over 500 Muscogee

Result of the War of 1812

·      No winners

   -Natives lost the most

·      British and US met to discuss treaty

         -Natives not invited

         -no more supplies to natives (along the Western border)

      -loss of European ally

·      Easier to force Natives

Indian Removal in GA

·      Called “Indian Removal”

        -now known as “ethnic cleansing”

·      Started before Removal Act of 1830

       -loss of land though treaties

           -1821 Treaty of Idnian Spring

               -formation of Dekalb County

·      Removed and moved to Alabama

       -William MacIntosh had gained from the removal

                -William was mixed with European and Native

             -GA “pay” debt of the signers and then force them to pay

Cherokee Resistance to Indian Removal

·      GA announced the seize of Cherokee land (1820)

             -enforced GA laws on Cherokee land

              -US Supreme Court sided with the Cherokee

                    -“own territory” therefore GA couldn’t enforce laws there

               -Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling

                         -forced Cherokee to move West (1838) aka the Trail of Tears

                               -1/4 removed

Result of Indian Removal

·      Some negotiated (Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio)

·      More favor in gov then no favor

·      Separation of powers/abuse of powers

Texas

·      Early 19th Mexico claimed Texas

·      New President

            -forced Catholicism and outlawed slavery

                -got revolted in 1836

                               -Texas free from Mexico

·      Republic of Texas expulsed indigenous nations

             -pushed closer to Indian Territory

·      Texas brought slavery back (1845)

                -couldn’t remove Comanche

California

·      Mexican American War (1846-1848)

             -previously part of Mexico

·      Gold Rush brought the whites

               -William Tecumseh Sherman (banking)

·      Euro-Americans seized land that was Mexican Ranchers (in violation of treaty)

                -segregated Chinese immigrants

                        -denied public education and the right to testify

·      Euro-Americans treated natives the worst

1.   Women subjected to sexual violence

2.   People sold as slaves or forced in mines

               -written into state law

3.   Rewarded murder of Native Americans

             -classified as genocide

              -government and private citizens massacred (9,000-16,000 people)

·      100,000-150,000 (before 1848)

·      30,000 (after 1861)

           -70,000 killed in 13 years

The Plains

·      Peak of Indigenous power (Comanche, Lakota, Arapaho, and Cheyenne)

             -fear of indigenous power

Week 8 Lecture

Causes of the Civil War (1861-1865)

·      Western expansion made slavery the #1 political issue

1.   The American Party “Know Nothings”

         -nativist, anti-immigrant party

         -doesn’t support Catholic or foreign politicians

             -many were Protestants

-torn on the issue of slavery

2.   The Republican Party

                            -Northern party committed to not expand slavery

                            -wanted all new states to be free

                             -as a whole not against slavery

                                                  -many members were

The Civil War (1861-1865)

·      Start due to Lincoln (1860)

            -Republican and scared slave owners

·      South: Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri

             -formed the Confederate States of America

              -750,000 people killed

·      500,000 of 4 million escaped

·      100,000 joined the U.S. army

·      Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

              -wasn’t issued out of kindness but as a response to the fight of enslaved

               -only applied to the Confederate

                     -territory conquered by the U.S. Army were still enslaved

               -only applied to everyone under the 13th amendment (1865)

     General Sherman, Georgia, and African Americans

·      General Sherman captured Atlanta (9/21/1864)

·      Seized land belonging to the Confederacy and burned crops (ruin morale)

·      Asked formerly enslaved what they wanted

                   -they wanted land

                   -he set aside 400,000 acres of land

                             -from Charleston to Jacksonville

·      Aka 40 acres and a mule

Reconstruction

       The Spring/Summer of 1865

·      Civil War ended (4/9/1865)

             -VP became president (Andrew Jackson)

                      -Democratic from Tennessee

                      -gave pardons and gave back land

·      Lincoln assassinated on (4/14/1865)

·      Freed people gained no land

                     -became sharecroppers (gave up 50%)

                             -either black or white

·      “Black Codes” made freed slaves lives hard

               -Johnson did nothing to stop them

               -issue of “states’ rights”

          Johnson vs. Congress

·      Congress mainly Republican and a Democrat as president

1.   The Civil Rights Acts of 1866

                -all Americans had equal rights and equal protection under law, and anybody born on US soil is a citizen (besides Natives)

                 -designed to get rid of “Black Codes”

                 -Johnson vetoed but got overridden by 2/3 votes

2.   The Fourteenth Amendment

·      Johnson and Congress clashed on the 14th

·      Gave all native born/naturalized people automatic American citizenship and that states couldn’t take away the rights of any citizens

·      Was passed!

3.   The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

·      Allowed military rule in the South

           -dissolving the state legislature

·      Direct rule from Washington

·      Johnson vetoed but Congress overrode it

4.   Johnson’s Impeachment

·      Congress impeached Johnson but couldn’t get 2/3 majority to remove him (1868)

·      Johnson backed out and allowed Congress to do what they felt

Republican Rule in the South

·      South states held elections, rewrote state constitutions, and formed state legislators

                  -African Americans included

                  -not women until (1920)

·      refused military rule and black participation

                   -formed the KKK

                   -racism and violence

                   -disbanded after reconstruction in (1867)

The End of Reconstruction

·      federal government removed troops in Confederate states ending military rule (1877)

·      passed Jim crow laws

·      laws to prevent black voting

          -black protested (North and South)

          -took to court with 1866 Civil rights Act as a basis

·      Gained: mobility, education, legally recognized families, marriages, automatic citizenship, and no longer property by law

·      Not Gained: political rights, no land, economic independence, and equal protection under the law

 Week 9 Lecture

The End of Reconstruction

           Changed Production

  Mechanization of production- use of machine power over physical labor or elemental power (water and wind)

·      Now used machines powered by fossil fuels to produce more, more efficiently

·      Coal powered steam engine

             -factor equipment, trains, and ships

·      Novel overproduction of goods

·      Not much living in subsistence (edge of survival)

            Changed How We Work

  Factory system- places where several machines were placed to produce a good/product

·      Workers now worked at the pace and place of where the machines were

·      No more working at home

·      No more working at their own pace

·      Factory owners who wanted to produce more would speed up the machines and the working them

·      Still present in our everyday lives

             -going to school/work mainly not at home

·      Time became important because machines needed to be worked by humans

           -led to shifts at work

·      Bad working conditions and bad living conditions

              Changed How We Work

·      Having to go to work led to people moving closer to factories

Urbanization- growth of cities (grew 7x bigger)

·      Lived in tenements (that were overcrowded)

              STARTED to Change Gender Roles

·      Working class all went to work

·      Middle class only men went while women stayed home

                     -women head of home affairs

                      -teach husbands morality

                       -led to less equality for men

                                        Reform Movements

1.   Temperance Movement

·      limited consumption of alcohol

·      middle class women telling working class men not to drink

·      all native middle class women telling foreigners not to open pubs

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (1874)- supported female suffrage in 1879

2.   Women’s Suffrage

Suffrage- the right to vote

·      Middle class women who wanted women suffrage

National American Women’s Suffrage Association (1890)

3.   Civil Rights

·      Middle class African American women wanted Civil Rights and to fight oppression

·      Ida B. Wells

National Association of Colored Women (1896)- organized Black women to fight for women’s suffrage, desegregation, and equal rights

Immigration in Industrialized, Urban America

·      25 million immigrants arrived in US (1870-1920)

·      Eastern and Southern Europe: Italy, Poland, and Eastern European Jews

·      Most Catholic or Jewish (minorities in Protestant majority)

·      Asia: Japan, China, and Korea

                       Industrialization and Urbanization was Important

1.   Immigrants came for work (industry or construction projects)

·      Bridges and sewer systems

·      Famous New York buildings: Empire State Building

2.   Immigrants made up large parts of urban populations

3.   Steamships(powered by a steam engine powered by coal)

·      Made going back home easier (for immigrants)

·      25% of immigrated went back to their home country

·      75% of immigrants stayed

Chain migration- immigrants bringing their families from their homelands

Flashcards are a learning tool that consists of a set of cards, each containing a prompt on one side and the correct answer or definition on the other. They are commonly used for memorization, review, and self-testing.

Benefits of Flashcards:

• Active Recall: Encourages learners to actively retrieve information, enhancing memory retention.

• Spaced Repetition: Can be used in a spaced repetition system to optimize learning intervals and improve long-term retention.

• Versatility: Useful for various subjects and can be tailored to fit specific learning needs.

• Engagement: Making and using flashcards can keep learners engaged and motivated.