American Pageant Chapter 4-5 APUSH Review (APUSH Period 2)

Key Point: Regional differences existed between the British colonies:

Reasons for Differences

Make sure to know about the Chesapeake vs New England Life

New England Colonies

Male dominated society, warmer climate, harsh life, Iower birth rate Defined hierarchy of wealth & status (southern gentry)
Cash crop plantation economy
Few cities develop
Labor system: indentured servants to slavery (Especially after Bacon's Rebellion)
- Reasons for transition to slavery: 1) abundance of land 2) shortage of indentured servants 3) no wat to enslave native population 4) European demand for colonies goods
- Majority slave population in South Carolina

Triangular trade (3 part trade route): Slaves and goods moving from Africa, the Caribbean, and the colonies
The journey from Africa to the Western Hemisphere was known as the "Middle passage"
Slave culture: Blend of African and American cultures
- Variety of tribes from different parts of Africa
Stono Uprising, 1739 South Carolina: one of the few slave revolts in colonial America
- Tried to get to Spanish Florida where they were promised freedom
- Rebellion was defeated and contributed to stricter laws regulating slaves
Most common resistance to slavery: work slowdowns, running away, fake illness. etc.

Religious passion was fading in the New England colonies
Half Way Covenant (1662): individuals could become partial church members even if did not have a conversion
Religious freedom?
The Massachusetts Bay colony DID NOT allow freedom of religion
Some religious toleration existed in a few British colonies
- Pennsylvania: Quakers!
- Rhode Island: Separation of church and state
- Maryland- only to Christians
Salem Witch Trials: Salem, Massachusetts 1692
- 19 people hung and 1 pressed to death
- Reflect growing tension over the changing nature of the colony (religious to profit driven commercialism)

Great Awakening was a religious revival in the 1730-40s that spread throughout the colonies
- Many people convert
Jonathan Edwards: "Sinners in the Hands of Angry God"
George Whitefield: Introduced a new energized style of evangelica l preaching
New Lights (supporters) vs. Old Lights (against)
IMPACTS: New Universities formed (Dartmouth, Princeton, Brown, etc.)
Greater religious independence & diversity (new churches formed)
- Strengthened calls for separation of church & state
1st mass movement shared amongst Colonists

Various mercantile laws were passed to regulate colonial trade and to benefit England (Navigation Acts, Molasses Act)
- The goals and interests of European leaders at times diverged from those of colonial citizens
- But salutary neglect (relative indifference to colonial governance)
Good: Colonial shipbuilding developed (especially in New England colonies),
- provided protection of the British military
- Provided Chesapeake tobacco a monopoly in England
Bad: Restricted development of colonial manufacturing
- Had to buy higher priced manufactured goods from England
- Farmers had to accept lower prices for their enumerated crops
England attempted to integrate the colonies into a coherent, hierarchical imperial structure: Dominion of New England (1686)
- Glorious Revolution (1688) led to the overthrow of James II (William and Mary take the throne)
- Limits power of the monarchy
- Colonists rebel against the Dominion of New England
Big Turning Point: 1763 End of the Seven Years War

Gradual development of democratic institutions in the colonies & colonial experiences with self-government
- Examples: Mayflower Compact, Town Hall Meetings, House of Burgesses, elected representative assemblies, etc.
Many people still excluded (property or religious qualifications) and England ultimately was still in charge
Zenger case (1733): advanced freedom of the press
- John Peter Zenger printed a newspaper critical of the royal governor in New York
- Charged with libel> jury ruled NOT GUILTY
- Could be critical of elected officials if the statements were true