Ethics Chapter 3:

• Morality with feelings: ignores other people’s feelings

  • An example of morality with feelings: long line, cutting in line because I feel like it

• Guided by feelings?

  • “Right Action” can be opposite of our feelings, desires, and preferences

Ethics Chapter 11

• Responsibility

  • One’s moral and legal responsibilities depend on behavior and circumstances involved

• Philosophers

  • Free will is an illusion

  • Forces outside our control determine what we think, say, or do

• Culpability: moral responsibility

  • Degrees of culpability:

    Aware of action as wrong. yet freely chosen	We are fully culpable (stealing out of fun)
    Unaware of action as wrong, but freely chosen	Not morally culpable (Child not aware they are doing something wrong)
    Forced to do something against our will	Not morally culpable(Forced against our will)
    Cannot determine between right and wrong (or not have the mental capacity) and behavior is freely chosen	We are not morally culpable (can’t determine between right or wrong)

  • Culpability depends on the understanding of our actions AND the freedom of choice

• Bystander Effect: the tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when observer is alone

  • Diffusion of responsibility

  • Pluralistic ignorance'

    • Possible factors that affect helping behavior:

      • Level of bystander’s hurry

      • Relationship to the victim/ other bystanders

Egoism:

• Giving to another person to:

  • Gain self esteem

  • To present oneself as powerful, competency or caring

  • To avoid failing to live up to exceptions reciprocity

  • ALL OF THE ABOVE

The Role of Emotion

• Emotion: feelings or affect, that can involve:

  • Physiological arousal

  • Behavior reactions: laughing, smiling, frowning, running away

  • Facial expressions

  • Affective responses

• Arousal Level

  High arousal (+) emotions: excitement and ecstacy	High arousal (-) emotions: rage, fury, and panic
  Low arousal (+) emotions: contentment and tranquility	Low arousal (-) emotions: irritation and boredom

• however, strong feelings may lead us to make unwise decisions

• Effects of emotion on judgement

  • background moods (emotions triggered by an event completely unrelated to a new situation can influence our thinking and decisions)

Ethics Chapter 4

• Conscious: Faculty by which we determine if we are guilty of a moral offense

  • Developed by age 5

• The 3 shapers of conscience

  • Natural Endowment

  • Social conditioning

  • Moral Choice

• The psychodynamic model: a person’s behavior is largely determined by:

  • Psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware

• 3 level of awareness:

  • Conscious

  • Preconscious: high school graduation

  • Unconscious

• Id, Ego, and Superego

  • Id: I want it NOW (little kid) (creates demand)

  • Super Ego: I shouldn’t (adds morality)

  • Ego: Let’s think about it (Adult) (Adds the reality)

• Humanistic Psychology

  • Created by Carl Rogers

    • Different types of therapeutic techniques:

      • Genuineness

      • Empathy

      • Active Listening

      • Unconditional Positive Regard

• Difference between Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

  • Intrinsic: motivation inwards

  • Extrinsic: motivation by external forces

• Self-serving bias: taking credit for one’s successes and to deny responsibility for one’s failures

• Fundamental Attribution Error: when seeking explanations of another person’s behavior, observers

• Understanding attitudes:

  • Always room for improvement

  • Criticism has value

  • Effort is the key to success

  • Other people hold as much importance as I do

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

  • Cognitive restructuring: the process of changing a pattern of thought that seems to be casting the problem behavior

• Cognitive dissonance:

  • An individual’s psychological discomfort cause by two inconsistent thoughts

    • Errors in thinking can lead individuals to

    • perceiving the world as harmful while ignoring evidence to the contrary

    • magnifying the importance of undesirable events

    • engaging in absolutist thinking

Feelings Chapter 5

Categories of people prone to error

• Seldom think for themselves

• Let passion rather than reason rule their lives

• Try to reason but lack common sense

• Those who never to bother to reexamine an opinion once it has been formed

Forming Responsible Opinions

• Uncritical vs. Critical Thinking Mode

  • Uncritical: automatic not though about

  • Critical: investigating, studied, thought about

• Resist the temptation to treat your opinion as facts

• Monitor your thoughts

Feelings Chapter 19

• Can be affected by communicator variables, message variables, audience variables

• Those who disagree with you will be disposed to reject your view for the obvious reason that it disputes theirs but also because:

  • It entails discarding their own

  • They have formed that opinion after considerable thought

  • Their egos are intertwined with the opinion

The Guidelines of Persuasion:

• Respect your audience

• Understanding your audience’s viewpoint

• Begin with a common point

• Take a positive approach: work on building your case rather than tearing down the opposing

• Concede where the opposing side has a point: total commitment to the truth obliges us to CONCEDE with out hesitation

• Allow time for your view to gain acceptance: the time frame of the eventually may differ as it is not easy to break bonds with opinions

The Different Techniques for Compliance

• Foot in the door: increasing compliance by asking people to give into a small request, which paves the way for compliance with the 2nd request

  • Can I use your car for the evening? Can I use your car for a road trip?

• Door in the face: increasing compliance by 1st asking ppl to give in to a large request and then asking for a smaller request

  • The 1st request must be rejected first in order for this method to work

• Low balling: “ “ 1st getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable for yourself

  • Difficult for a person to go back on their word

• That’s not all: Increasing compliance by sweetening the deal with additional incentives

  • Car sales person

Resisting and Recognizing Manipulation:

• Recognizing Manipulation

  • Stacking the Deck

  • Suppressing Dissent: creates the impression that there is no opposing viewpoint on a topic

  • Repetition: one of the simplest and most effective technique of manipulation

• Resisting Manipulation

  • Asking questions

  • Checking sources

Ethics Chapter 5, Feelings Chapter 8

• Personal vs. Social Identity:

  • Personal: A set of characteristics or a description that distinguishes one person or things from others

  • Social: The way an individual defines themselves in terms of their group memberships

• Difference between significant and generalized others

  • Significant: some people are more important in shaping one’s self-identity than others (parents, siblings, teachers, best friends, etc)

  • Generalized: the collection of acquaintances, peers, organizations to whom one is casually attached (members of the club you may be a part of, peers at school)

• Recognizing race

  • Age 3 or 4

  • Spotted earlier for racial minorities

  • Mixed race settings; so cal

• Mine is better thinking:

  • Negative:

    • Prevents us in identifying flaws in our own ideas

    • Readiness to accept uncritically those who appeal to our preconceived notions leaves us vulnerable to manipulation by others

    • Distorted perception, corrupt judgement, poor choices

    • More emotional/ subjective

    • Interferes in healthy relationships

  • Controlling MIB

    • Others think/ feel the same way about their ideals and beliefs

    • Being alert of immediate strong reactions

12 Angry Men Questions:

• Juror #3 gives a speech about children and his son, what is significant about this speech and his thought on the defendant’s guilt

  • All of the above

• Juror #8 introduces his own piece of evidence, what it is?

  • A knife that is identical to the murder weapon

• Which juror is the 1st to change their vote to not guilty?

  • Juror #9 (old man)

• To further question the testimony of the elderly witness, the jurors request which of the following items?

  • A diagram of the apartment

• What evidence on the female witness’ face end up being the key to swaying the decision for jurors 4, 10, and 12 to not guilty toward the end of the movie?

  • The eyeglass impression on her nose (noticed by #9)