What are the three main types of research? Basic Research: Increases knowledge and understanding. Example: How does social media impact self-esteem?

1. What are the three main types of research?

   • Basic Research: Increases knowledge and understanding.
     Example: How does social media impact self-esteem?

   • Applied Research: Applies findings to improve human conditions.
     Example: Is group therapy effective for PTSD?

   • Evaluation Research: Evaluates programs’ effectiveness.
     Example: D.A.R.E program effectiveness.

2. What are the three main goals of research?

   • Description: Describes patterns of behavior/emotions.
     Example: Voting preferences.

   • Prediction: Predicts future behavior.
     Example: Does narcissism predict criminality?

   • Explanation: Explains why behaviors occur.
     Example: Why do women express emotion more than men?

3. What makes an investigation “scientific”?

   • Public Verification: Findings are published and replicable.

   • Solvable Problems: Investigates answerable questions.

   • Systematic Empiricism: Uses structured observations to draw conclusions.

4. What is the difference between conceptual and operational definitions?

   • Conceptual: Abstract, dictionary-like definitions.
     Example: "Stress" as a concept.

   • Operational: Measurable definitions in a study.
     Example: Heart rate to measure stress.

5. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

   • Deductive Reasoning: Starts with theory → Hypotheses.

   • Inductive Reasoning: Starts with observations → Theories.

6. What is the difference between hypotheses and theories?

   • Hypothesis: Specific proposition, testable.

   • Theory: Broader, explains relationships between concepts.

7. What is pseudoscience?

   • Claims masquerading as science but violating scientific criteria (e.g., not replicable, not based on observation).

Lecture 2: Behavioral Variability

1. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative measures?

   • Quantitative: Uses numerical data.

   • Qualitative: Uses descriptive/observational data.

2. What are the four quantitative research methodologies?

   • Descriptive: Describes behaviors.

   • Correlational: Examines relationships (no causation).

   • Experimental: Manipulates IV, random assignment.

   • Quasi-Experimental: No random assignment, less control.

3. What is the difference between systematic and error variance?

   • Systematic Variance: Related to IV, controllable.

   • Error Variance: Random, unrelated to IV.

4. What are the measures of central tendency?

   • Mean: Average score.

   • Median: Midpoint of ordered scores.

   • Mode: Most frequently occurring score.

5. What are the measures of dispersion?

   • Range: Difference between max and min.

   • Variance: How much values deviate from the mean.

   • Standard Deviation: Square root of variance.

Lecture 3: Approaches to Psych Measurement

1. What are the three ways to measure behavior?

   • Observation, physiological, self-report.

2. How do you record observational data?

   • Narratives: Written descriptions.

   • Checklists: Tally sheets for specific behaviors.

   • Observation Rating Scales: Measures quality/intensity of behaviors.

3. What is the difference between disguised, undisguised, and partially concealed observations?

   • Disguised: Participants unaware.

   • Undisguised: Participants aware.

   • Partial Concealment: Participants aware of observation but not what’s being observed.

4. What are the main observational methods?

   • Naturalistic: Observing without intervention.

   • Participant: Researcher engages with subjects.

   • Contrived: Controlled setting for observation.

5. What are response sets and social desirability bias?

   • Response Sets: Bias unrelated to item content.

   • Social Desirability Bias: Participants answer to appear socially acceptable.

Lecture 4: Reliability and Validity

1. What are the four types of scales?

   • Nominal: Labels/categories.

   • Ordinal: Rankings.

   • Interval: Equal differences, no true zero.

   • Ratio: Equal differences, true zero.

2. What are the three kinds of reliability?

   • Inter-Rater Reliability: Agreement between raters.

   • Test-Retest Reliability: Consistency over time.

   • Inter-Item Reliability: Consistency among scale items.

3. What are the three types of validity?

   • Face Validity: Measure looks valid.

   • Construct Validity: Measure relates to other measures.

   • Criterion-Related Validity: Measure correlates with real-life behaviors.

Lecture 5: Sampling and Descriptive Research

1. What is the difference between probability and nonprobability samples?

   • Probability: Likelihood of selection is known.

   • Nonprobability: Likelihood of selection is unknown.

2. What is stratified random sampling?

   • Divides population into subgroups, randomly samples from each.

3. What is cluster sampling?

   • Randomly selects entire groups (clusters).

4. When are convenience samples used?

   • When describing relationships between variables, not populations.

Lecture 6: Ethics in Research

1. What approach does the IRB take?

   • Utilitarian: Benefits must outweigh harm.

2. What are the three types of scientific misconduct?

   • Falsification, fabrication, plagiarism.

3. Who are considered vulnerable populations?

   • Children, prisoners, pregnant women, people with disabilities, at-risk individuals.

Lecture 7: Correlational Research

1. What does the correlation coefficient tell you?

   • Direction and magnitude of the relationship.

2. Can correlational studies determine causation?

   • No.

3. What is the effect of having a restricted range?

   • Can obscure relationships and show no effect when one exists.

Lecture 8: Experimental Research

1. What are the three main parts of an experiment?

   • Manipulate IV, assign participants, control variables.

2. What are threats to internal validity?

   • Biased assignment, attrition, history effects, expectancy effects.

Lecture 9: Advanced Experimental Designs

1. What is the experimenter’s dilemma?

   • Balancing internal and external validity.

2. What is the difference between main effects and interaction effects?

   • Main Effects: Individual IV effects.

   • Interaction Effects: Combined IV effects.

Lecture 10: Analyzing Experimental Data

1. What is the difference between Type I and Type II errors?

   • Type I: False positive.

   • Type II: False negative.

2. What does the p-value have to be to be significant?

   • Less than 0.05.

Lecture 11: Quasi-Experimental Designs

1. What is the difference between experiments and quasi-experiments?

   • Quasi-experiments lack random assignment and control.

2. What is an example of ABA design?

   • Baseline → IV introduced → Reversal to baseline.