Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

NTEGUMENTARY – All levels should understand:

i. Functions of the integumentary system (e.g., physical protection, Vitamin D synthesis, sensation,

excretion, temperature regulation, role of the skin in innate immunity)

ii. Anatomy and histological characteristics of the layers of the skin

iii. Anatomy and histological characteristics of the component parts of the skin: hair (e.g., types,

appearance, growth cycle), nails, integumentary glands (e.g., eccrine vs apocrine), and sensory

receptors

iv. Skin color, skin texture, and the effects of aging on the skin

v. Dermatological features (e.g., freckles, moles, scales, calluses, birthmarks, fingerprints)

vi. The diseases on each level from the cell to the whole person as listed: wounds affecting the skin

(limited to burns and their classification, sunburn), allergens (e.g., poison ivy, metals), human

papillomavirus (HPV), infections (limited to boils, carbuncles, athlete’s foot, impetigo, erysipelas,

cellulitis, Hansen’s Disease, chickenpox, shingles), common inflammatory disorders (limited to

psoriasis, dermatitis), and skin cancer (limited to melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell

carcinoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Merkel cell carcinoma)

vii. Treatments and/or prevention for all conditions listed above (drugs, surgery, etc.)

State and National Level Only:

viii. Cellular components of cutaneous immune system (e.g., dermal dendritic cells, dermal macrophages)

ix. Additional disorders: immunologic and inflammatory disorders (limited to rosacea, vitiligo, bullous

pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, alopecia)

National Level Only:

x. Additional disorders: Congenital disorders (limited to albinism, xeroderma pigmentosum),

systemic disorders and their effect on skin (limited to acanthosis nigricans), benign lesions

(limited to actinic keratosis)

xi. Treatments and/or prevention for all conditions listed above (drugs, surgery, etc.)

xii. Aspects of wound healing including, but not limited to: inflammation, necrosis, apoptosis,

vasodilation, and clotting

b. SKELETAL SYSTEM – All levels should know and understand:

i. Bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton; label the basic surface anatomy of a bone as shown on

a diagram and/or normal X-ray, CT and MRI

ii. Name, structure and function of joint types and muscle, tendon and ligament attachments that

surround the joints and the ranges of motion allowed by each type (e.g., ball and socket)

iii. Structure and microscopic function of bones, bone marrow and cartilage (e.g., storage, osteon,

blood cell production)

iv. Tension production (e.g., sarcomere length-tension relationship, muscle twitches, motor units)

v. Skeletal system role in calcium and phosphate balance

vi. Effect of hormones (e.g., PTH, vitamin D, estrogen) on the skeletal system

vii. Cellular composition of bones (e.g., RANKL role in bone cell maturation), bone marrow and

cartilage

viii. Development and maturation of bones at the cellular and gross anatomical levels

ix. Types of vertebrae (e.g., cervical, thoracic and lumbar)

x. Characteristics and radiological features of bone diseases/disorders from the cell level to the whole

person as listed: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (know how to distinguish both from

one another), gout, osteoporosis, osteomalacia/rickets, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, Tennis

elbow, Golfer’s elbow, cruciate ligament tears of the knee, meniscus tears of the knee, and

septic arthritis

xi. The effects of exercise and aging on the skeletal system and the diseases mentioned

xii. Cardiac and smooth muscle roles in the body (e.g., blood circulation, digestive motility)

xiii. Fractures, including the Salter-Harris fracture classification system, causes, and treatments

State and National Level Only:

xiv. Additional diseases/disorders: spinal fractures (including specific classes), ankylosing spondylitis,

achondroplasia, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma

National Level Only:

xv. Additional diseases/disorders to know: clinical effects of spinal stenosis, foraminal stenosis,

and disc herniation on the nervous system, Osgood-Schlatter disease, plantar fasciitis, Paget

disease of bone (osteitis deformans), osteoblastoma, giant cell tumor

xvi. Treatments and/or prevention for all conditions listed above (drugs, surgery, etc.)

xvii. Label the bones and sutures of the skull. Know the foramina of the skull and what neurovascular

structures pass through each.

c. MUSCULAR SYSTEM - All levels should know:

i. Functions of the muscular system (e.g., movement, blood circulation, heat production)

ii. The interaction of the skeletal and muscular systems to allow movement and maintain posture

iii. The cellular and gross anatomy of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

iv. Tension Production (e.g., sarcomere length-tension relationship, muscle twitches, motor units)

v. Physiology of the skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation (e.g., neuromuscular junction,

excitation-contraction coupling, cross-bridge cycling)

vi. Concepts of skeletal muscle actions (e.g., agonist, antagonist, synergist muscles) of different

muscles on the 2025 National Major Skeletal Muscles List

vii. Location and identification (e.g., origin, insertion, function) of the muscles on the 2025 National

Major Skeletal Muscles List

viii. Exercise and aging effects on the cellular and gross anatomical structure of the muscular system

ix. Muscle and tendon injuries and their prevention (limited to strains and sprains)

x. The diseases on each level from the cell to the whole person as listed: neuromuscular junction

disorders (limited to myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome), immunologic

and inflammatory disorders (limited to polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, and

dermatomyositis), infectious disorders (limited to botulism, tetanus, poliomyelitis), and pain

syndromes (limited to fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)

State and National Level Only:

xi. Energy metabolism in skeletal muscles (limited to phosphocreatine system, glycogen storage

and consumption)

xii. Additional diseases: rhabdomyolysis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy

xiii. Cardiac and smooth muscle roles in the body (e.g., blood circulation, digestive motility)

National Level Only:

xiv. Nerve innervation for all muscles on the 2025 National Major Skeletal Muscles List

xv. Muscle reflexes (limited to Golgi tendon organ, muscle spindle fibers)

xvi. Additional diseases: congenital disorders and iatrogenic disorders (limited to drug-induced

myositis, malignant hyperthermia)

xvii. Treatments and/or prevention for all conditions listed above (drugs, surgery, etc.)

xviii.Effects of steroid medications on muscle health

Frontalis

Orbicularis oris

Orbicularis oculi

Occipitofrontalis

Zygomaticus major

Masseter

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Buccinator

Move the Upper Extremities

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Deltoid

Teres major

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Extensor carpi radialis

Extensor digitorum

Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor

Muscles of the Trunk

External intercostals

Internal intercostals

Transverse abdominis

Rectus abdominis

Serratus anterior

Diaphragm

Move the Lower Extremities

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae latae

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis

Tibialis anterior

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis