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AP United States History Study Guides
AP United States History Ultimate Guide
Unit 1: Period 1: 1491–1607
Unit 2: Period 2: 1607–1754
Unit 3: Period 3: 1754–1800
Unit 4: Period 4: 1800–1848
Unit 5: Period 5: 1844–1877
Unit 6: Period 6: 1865–1898
Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945
Unit 8: Period 8: 1945–1980
Unit 9: Period 9: 1980–Present
Top Exams
AP English Language and Composition
AP Biology
AP United States History
Studying for another AP Exam?
Check out our other AP study guides
375d ago

APUSH Themes

Theme 1: American and National Identity

  • 1491–1607

    • Different regions among native Americans, Great Plains(hunting) West and East

    • Europeans not intend to stay, just collect gold and spread religion

  • 1607–1754

    • British, French, Spanish, Dutch colonies

    • colonial based

  • 1754–1800

    • Development of independent Nation, American Revolution

    • Only white men citizens

  • 1800–1848

    • Sectional identity North(industry) West(agricutlureal) South(cotton and material production)

    • Excuse Native Americans

  • 1844–1877

    • Increased dissidence between North and South → Civil War

    • The United States of America, North/Union Victory

    • Reconstruction, black citizens in south legally citizens

  • 1865–1898

    • USA become major industrial power

    • North and South Reunite b/c of spanish-American War

  • 1890–1945

    • New European immigrants face nativism, ethnic enclaves, unti end of WWII(Americans considered all “white”)

    • New World Power Status, provide money and materials

    • Fed Government intervention in economy

  • 1945–1980

    • Expand power of ppl and gov with Civil Rights movment

    • Pro USA culture vs USSR

  • 1980–Present

    • Increasing conservatism in gov’t

    • USA wold leading Superpower

Theme 2: Work, Exchange, and Technology

  • 1491–1607

    • New Crops and goods in Europe, new tech into America

    • Mostly Slave labor

  • 1607–1754

    • TRade in New England, fishing, farming, timber, furs

    • South: Slavery, indenture, cash crops

  • 1754–1800

    • End of “salutory neglect” as English Crown takes more control over American goods, shipping →war

    • Slavery continues to grow in South, helped by invention of cotton gin

  • 1800–1848

    • Expansion of infrastructure, markets, railroads/canals, telegraph, cities

    • Conflict over National bank (American System)

    • Factories emerge (Lowell Mills/Girls)

    • Slavery continues to grow in South

  • 1844–1877

    • End of slavery 1865, sharecroping system in south

    • North insustrialize, win Civil War based on factory production/power

    • Railroads across country

  • 1865–1898

    • USA become leading industrial power (steel RR)

    • Harsh labor conditions in factories for immigrants,

    • “Robberbarrons”- and Gilded Age

  • 1890–1945

    • Era of production (phone electricity radio car flight)

    • Laissez-faire economics → stock market crash and Great DEpression

    • New Deal, WWI

    • Industrialisation → postwar boom

  • 1945–1980

    • Major economic boom as US only country unscathed by WWII - Baby Boom

    • Invention of computer

    • 1970s economic recession

  • 1980–Present

    • Era of Globalism, connect markets and ppl around the world

    • Prominence of internet change consumption and distribution

    • DEcline of Unions, stagnation of wages

Theme 3: Geography and the Environment

  • 1491–1607

    • Gold in LAtin America drive exploration

    • Disease from Europeans kills 95% of Native ppl

  • 1607–1754

    • Climate/Soil differences led to family farming in north, plantations in south

    • Illness in marshy South, kill indetured survents

  • 1754–1800

    • End freely available land in East → push west, conflict b/w costal elites and backwood farmers

  • 1800–1848

    • Expansion of cotton in South, expands slavery

    • Manifest Destiny

    • Texas Annexation

  • 1844–1877

    • Discovery of Gold in CA → gold rush

    • Large populations in North “breadbasket” states help win Civil War

  • 1865–1898

    • Cities are polluted, bad working conditions → illnesses

    • West “conqured” with barbed wire and buffalo dead from sport

  • 1890–1945

    • New tech connects world, appear smaller place

    • Conservation movement

    • Ocean Shields from War

    • Development of atomic bombs (Manhattan Project)

  • 1945–1980

    • Industrial pollution (nuclear powerplants)

    • Adress pollution isssues

    • International conflict over dependence on oil fuels

  • 1980–Present

    • Wars in Middle East led to efforts to reduce dependence on oil

    • Growing movement of eco-consciousness in energy, food

Theme 4: Migration and Settlement

  • 1491–1607

    • Humans came to America on Bering Land Bridge

    • Europeans came to extract resources

  • 1607–1754

    • Religious dissidants from Europe cam to North

    • South consist of adventurers looking for wealth

    • 700k+ enslaved people

  • 1754–1800

    • Continue to push western frontier

    • Continue importation of Africans

  • 1800–1848

    • Wite american Push west

    • Natives forced west → TRail of Tears

    • End of initial slave trade, internal/domestic slave trade

  • 1844–1877

    • “Old immigrants” from Ireland, Germany

    • Westward migration from Gold Rush

    • Indian Wars / Reservations

  • 1865–1898

    • New Immigrants → SE Europe

    • Manifest desiny “closing fronteir” Frederick Jackson turner

  • 1890–1945

    • 1M+ immigrants arrive at US every year until first quota passed

    • GReat Migration of Africans to Northern cities from the South

  • 1945–1980

    • Moves from cities to suburbs, era of cars

    • Little immigration

    • Boat ppl from vietnam

  • 1980–Present

    • Imcreased immigration from Latin America and Asia

    • Movement south and West for jobs (Sun-belt

Theme 5: Politics and Power

  • 1491–1607

    • Spanish dominated

    • FRench/Dutch: trade based (furs)

    • Treaties and conflucts with Natives

  • 1607–1754

    • Locatl power development, generally democratic in North

    • Southern landowners → aristocracy

  • 1754–1800

    • Conflict over direct vs. virtual representation, taxes led to War

    • Articles of confederation (weak)

    • Constitution (strong gov’t)

    • 1st party system: Hamilton v Jefferson

  • 1800–1848

    • Expansion of suffrage of all white men in Jacksonian Democracy

    • Conflict between North and South over slavery in new territories (Missouri compromise/compromise of 1850) (Kansas-Nabraska Act)

    • Democrats v Whigs (2nd political party)

  • 1844–1877

    • Innefective pres, Compromise of 1850, fugative slave Act, popular socereignty

    • Republican paryt emerges,

      • 14th amendment: citizenship

      • 15th amendment: black men allowed to vote, but not women

  • 1865–1898

    • Citizenshop for black men end reconstuction

    • Jom Crow Laes

    • REpublicans in power

  • 1890–1945

    • Wilson, first democrat to win power

    • Women suffrage

    • Segregation, disenfranchisement continue for African Americans returing from WWII

  • 1945–1980

    • Democrats in power until 1960s, Nixon in charge

  • 1980–Present

    • Period of return to prominence of Republican Party and conservatism

    • Shift in political power to South and West from “Sun belt” migration

Theme 6: America in the World

  • 1491–1607

    • Competition between European powers, Native groups lead to alliances and conflicts

  • 1607–1754

    • Cont. comp with Natives over land

    • European powers scrabble to get resources

  • 1754–1800

    • Emergence ofUS as independent power

    • Aliiance with France help win revolution

  • 1800–1848

    • War of 1812 end british presence in North America, end hope for native Americans to prevail

    • Mexican War → more territory

  • 1844–1877

    • US isolationist, Civil War

  • 1865–1898

    • Indian Wars, Native Americans nearly gone

    • Last Era of Ameircan isolationism

  • 1890–1945

    • Spanish-American War

    • WWI

    • Isolation in 20s and 30s b/c GReat Depression

    • WWII aftermath leads to interventionism

  • 1945–1980

    • Cold War direct US to be foreign policy

    • Conatinment policy leads to Korean War

    • Replaced by conflict in Middle East

  • 1980–Present

    • USSR collapses, end of Cold War

    • US involved in Middle East b/c of cu.ture → oil embargo and crises in US (War on Terror)

    • Era of globalization

Theme 7: American and Regional Culture

  • 1491–1607

    • Blend ofn indigenous culture and European cultures

    • Exploration driven by religion

  • 1607–1754

    • NE life based on Puritain religion

    • Racial caste system

    • First GReat Awakening

  • 1754–1800

    • Influence of enlightenment through revolution

    • Women partake in Civ War, but not citizens

  • 1800–1848

    • Second Great Awakeing

    • REform mvm’t (abolition, temperance, women suffrage, prison, mental health(Dorthy and Dix)

    • “Cult of domecticity” for women

  • 1844–1877

    • Emergange of ideological defenses of slavery and militant abolitionism

    • Milenial religious mvm’t

    • Nativists- hate immigrants

  • 1865–1898

    • Socail Darwinism- belief some ppl inherantly better than others due to evolution

  • 1890–1945

    • Backlash to minorities, migrants - KKK

    • Flowering of America, Lost Generation, Jazz

  • 1945–1980

    • Religious Era of 1950s

    • Social Mvm’t (Civil Rights, Women’s rights)

    • Emergence protests against Gov’t by college students

  • 1980–Present

    • “Vietnam Syndrom”

    • “Culture Wars” over gender, race, family structure

    • Increasing diversity


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AP United States History Study Guides
AP United States History Ultimate Guide
Unit 1: Period 1: 1491–1607
Unit 2: Period 2: 1607–1754
Unit 3: Period 3: 1754–1800
Unit 4: Period 4: 1800–1848
Unit 5: Period 5: 1844–1877
Unit 6: Period 6: 1865–1898
Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945
Unit 8: Period 8: 1945–1980
Unit 9: Period 9: 1980–Present
Top Exams
AP English Language and Composition
AP Biology
AP United States History
Studying for another AP Exam?
Check out our other AP study guides
knowt ap exam guide logo

APUSH Themes

Theme 1: American and National Identity

  • 1491–1607
    • Different regions among native Americans, Great Plains(hunting) West and East
    • Europeans not intend to stay, just collect gold and spread religion
  • 1607–1754
    • British, French, Spanish, Dutch colonies
    • colonial based
  • 1754–1800
    • Development of independent Nation, American Revolution
    • Only white men citizens
  • 1800–1848
    • Sectional identity North(industry) West(agricutlureal) South(cotton and material production)
    • Excuse Native Americans
  • 1844–1877
    • Increased dissidence between North and South → Civil War
    • The United States of America, North/Union Victory
    • Reconstruction, black citizens in south legally citizens
  • 1865–1898
    • USA become major industrial power
    • North and South Reunite b/c of spanish-American War
  • 1890–1945
    • New European immigrants face nativism, ethnic enclaves, unti end of WWII(Americans considered all “white”)
    • New World Power Status, provide money and materials
    • Fed Government intervention in economy
  • 1945–1980
    • Expand power of ppl and gov with Civil Rights movment
    • Pro USA culture vs USSR
  • 1980–Present
    • Increasing conservatism in gov’t
    • USA wold leading Superpower

Theme 2: Work, Exchange, and Technology

  • 1491–1607
    • New Crops and goods in Europe, new tech into America
    • Mostly Slave labor
  • 1607–1754
    • TRade in New England, fishing, farming, timber, furs
    • South: Slavery, indenture, cash crops
  • 1754–1800
    • End of “salutory neglect” as English Crown takes more control over American goods, shipping →war
    • Slavery continues to grow in South, helped by invention of cotton gin
  • 1800–1848
    • Expansion of infrastructure, markets, railroads/canals, telegraph, cities
    • Conflict over National bank (American System)
    • Factories emerge (Lowell Mills/Girls)
    • Slavery continues to grow in South
  • 1844–1877
    • End of slavery 1865, sharecroping system in south
    • North insustrialize, win Civil War based on factory production/power
    • Railroads across country
  • 1865–1898
    • USA become leading industrial power (steel RR)
    • Harsh labor conditions in factories for immigrants,
    • “Robberbarrons”- and Gilded Age
  • 1890–1945
    • Era of production (phone electricity radio car flight)
    • Laissez-faire economics → stock market crash and Great DEpression
    • New Deal, WWI
    • Industrialisation → postwar boom
  • 1945–1980
    • Major economic boom as US only country unscathed by WWII - Baby Boom
    • Invention of computer
    • 1970s economic recession
  • 1980–Present
    • Era of Globalism, connect markets and ppl around the world
    • Prominence of internet change consumption and distribution
    • DEcline of Unions, stagnation of wages

Theme 3: Geography and the Environment

  • 1491–1607
    • Gold in LAtin America drive exploration
    • Disease from Europeans kills 95% of Native ppl
  • 1607–1754
    • Climate/Soil differences led to family farming in north, plantations in south
    • Illness in marshy South, kill indetured survents
  • 1754–1800
    • End freely available land in East → push west, conflict b/w costal elites and backwood farmers
  • 1800–1848
    • Expansion of cotton in South, expands slavery
    • Manifest Destiny
    • Texas Annexation
  • 1844–1877
    • Discovery of Gold in CA → gold rush
    • Large populations in North “breadbasket” states help win Civil War
  • 1865–1898
    • Cities are polluted, bad working conditions → illnesses
    • West “conqured” with barbed wire and buffalo dead from sport
  • 1890–1945
    • New tech connects world, appear smaller place
    • Conservation movement
    • Ocean Shields from War
    • Development of atomic bombs (Manhattan Project)
  • 1945–1980
    • Industrial pollution (nuclear powerplants)
    • Adress pollution isssues
    • International conflict over dependence on oil fuels
  • 1980–Present
    • Wars in Middle East led to efforts to reduce dependence on oil
    • Growing movement of eco-consciousness in energy, food

Theme 4: Migration and Settlement

  • 1491–1607
    • Humans came to America on Bering Land Bridge
    • Europeans came to extract resources
  • 1607–1754
    • Religious dissidants from Europe cam to North
    • South consist of adventurers looking for wealth
    • 700k+ enslaved people
  • 1754–1800
    • Continue to push western frontier
    • Continue importation of Africans
  • 1800–1848
    • Wite american Push west
    • Natives forced west → TRail of Tears
    • End of initial slave trade, internal/domestic slave trade
  • 1844–1877
    • “Old immigrants” from Ireland, Germany
    • Westward migration from Gold Rush
    • Indian Wars / Reservations
  • 1865–1898
    • New Immigrants → SE Europe
    • Manifest desiny “closing fronteir” Frederick Jackson turner
  • 1890–1945
    • 1M+ immigrants arrive at US every year until first quota passed
    • GReat Migration of Africans to Northern cities from the South
  • 1945–1980
    • Moves from cities to suburbs, era of cars
    • Little immigration
    • Boat ppl from vietnam
  • 1980–Present
    • Imcreased immigration from Latin America and Asia
    • Movement south and West for jobs (Sun-belt

Theme 5: Politics and Power

  • 1491–1607
    • Spanish dominated
    • FRench/Dutch: trade based (furs)
    • Treaties and conflucts with Natives
  • 1607–1754
    • Locatl power development, generally democratic in North
    • Southern landowners → aristocracy
  • 1754–1800
    • Conflict over direct vs. virtual representation, taxes led to War
    • Articles of confederation (weak)
    • Constitution (strong gov’t)
    • 1st party system: Hamilton v Jefferson
  • 1800–1848
    • Expansion of suffrage of all white men in Jacksonian Democracy
    • Conflict between North and South over slavery in new territories (Missouri compromise/compromise of 1850) (Kansas-Nabraska Act)
    • Democrats v Whigs (2nd political party)
  • 1844–1877
    • Innefective pres, Compromise of 1850, fugative slave Act, popular socereignty
    • Republican paryt emerges,
      • 14th amendment: citizenship
      • 15th amendment: black men allowed to vote, but not women
  • 1865–1898
    • Citizenshop for black men end reconstuction
    • Jom Crow Laes
    • REpublicans in power
  • 1890–1945
    • Wilson, first democrat to win power
    • Women suffrage
    • Segregation, disenfranchisement continue for African Americans returing from WWII
  • 1945–1980
    • Democrats in power until 1960s, Nixon in charge
  • 1980–Present
    • Period of return to prominence of Republican Party and conservatism
    • Shift in political power to South and West from “Sun belt” migration

Theme 6: America in the World

  • 1491–1607
    • Competition between European powers, Native groups lead to alliances and conflicts
  • 1607–1754
    • Cont. comp with Natives over land
    • European powers scrabble to get resources
  • 1754–1800
    • Emergence ofUS as independent power
    • Aliiance with France help win revolution
  • 1800–1848
    • War of 1812 end british presence in North America, end hope for native Americans to prevail
    • Mexican War → more territory
  • 1844–1877
    • US isolationist, Civil War
  • 1865–1898
    • Indian Wars, Native Americans nearly gone
    • Last Era of Ameircan isolationism
  • 1890–1945
    • Spanish-American War
    • WWI
    • Isolation in 20s and 30s b/c GReat Depression
    • WWII aftermath leads to interventionism
  • 1945–1980
    • Cold War direct US to be foreign policy
    • Conatinment policy leads to Korean War
    • Replaced by conflict in Middle East
  • 1980–Present
    • USSR collapses, end of Cold War
    • US involved in Middle East b/c of cu.ture → oil embargo and crises in US (War on Terror)
    • Era of globalization

Theme 7: American and Regional Culture

  • 1491–1607
    • Blend ofn indigenous culture and European cultures
    • Exploration driven by religion
  • 1607–1754
    • NE life based on Puritain religion
    • Racial caste system
    • First GReat Awakening
  • 1754–1800
    • Influence of enlightenment through revolution
    • Women partake in Civ War, but not citizens
  • 1800–1848
    • Second Great Awakeing
    • REform mvm’t (abolition, temperance, women suffrage, prison, mental health(Dorthy and Dix)
    • “Cult of domecticity” for women
  • 1844–1877
    • Emergange of ideological defenses of slavery and militant abolitionism
    • Milenial religious mvm’t
    • Nativists- hate immigrants
  • 1865–1898
    • Socail Darwinism- belief some ppl inherantly better than others due to evolution
  • 1890–1945
    • Backlash to minorities, migrants - KKK
    • Flowering of America, Lost Generation, Jazz
  • 1945–1980
    • Religious Era of 1950s
    • Social Mvm’t (Civil Rights, Women’s rights)
    • Emergence protests against Gov’t by college students
  • 1980–Present
    • “Vietnam Syndrom”
    • “Culture Wars” over gender, race, family structure
    • Increasing diversity