JE

Module 2 Vocabulary Flashcards: Primary/Secondary Sources and First Mass/First Cry Debates

Lesson 1: The First Mass

  • Context: Aims of Spanish arrival included propagating Christianity; erected a wooden cross, converted indigenous populations, conducted masses.

  • Primary source reference: Pigafetta’s accounts claim the first mass occurred on Easter Sunday, 31\ March\ 1521.

  • Location debate: Pigafetta’s account vs Albo’s logbook (Magellan’s companion) mention Mazaua vs Mazava; no explicit mention of Limasawa as the first mass in the sources.

  • Names and sites involved:

    • Mazaua (as per Magellan’s accounts)

    • Mazava (as per Albo’s logbook)

    • Limasawa (controversial in scholarly debate)

  • Scholarly contention:

    • Some scholars favor Limasawa as the site.

    • Others support Masao, Butuan tradition.

  • Contested dimensions:

    • Interpretations of Pigafetta’s accounts.

    • Voyage geography/route interpretations.

    • Legislative and celebratory factors surrounding the event.

Lesson 2: The Philippine Revolution — First Cry of the Philippine Revolution

  • Figure reference: Guillermo Masangkay (Fig. 3) — Masangkay accounts published in Torres, 2018.

  • Masangkay’s account (1932): He recounts being part of the Katipunan and present at the August 26, 1896 Balintawak gathering at Apolonio Samson’s house (Caloocan).

  • Key participants (Masangkay account): Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, Francisco Carreon, and delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, Morong (now Rizal).

  • Meeting details (Masangkay account):

    • Time: about 9:00 AM on August 26, meeting opened with Bonifacio presiding; Jacinto served as Secretary.

    • Debates over uprising timing: Plata, Pantas, Valenzuela argued against early revolt due to lack of arms/food and Rizal’s argument about the wealthy not siding with the Katipunan.

    • Bonifacio’s response: left the hall, addressed outside crowd, urged revolt by fiery speech emphasizing that delayed uprising would still be crushed and the organization had been discovered;

    • Cedula pledge: people were asked to tear their cedulas as a sign of severance from Spanish rule; crowd tore cedulas and shouted “Long Live the Philippines Republic.”

    • Outcome: with cedula pledge, the board voted to start the uprising; the people outside proclaimed revolt.

  • Santiago Alvarez account (Candelaria, Alporha & Kunting, 2021) — details of Masangkay’s narrative and the sequence of events following the pledge.

  • Masangkay chronology and movements:

    • Night of August 21–22: trek to Kangkong, then Bahay Toro due to crowding and security concerns; Melchora Aquino’s Granary (Cabesang Melchora) provided food and shelter.

    • August 23–24: gatherings at Bahay Toro and Melchora’s barn with leaders including Bonifacio, Jacinto, Valenzuela, Teodoro Plata, and others.

    • Decisions at the meeting: (1) uprising to defend freedom to start at midnight, Saturday, August 29, 1896; (2) be on alert for opportunity to strike earlier if favorable; (3) objective to capture Manila.

  • Teodoro Agoncillo’s Narrative (1956): A prominent historian’s view on the Cry of Balintawak vs Cry of Pugad Lawin

    • Agoncillo’s summary: Katipunan leaders assembled on Aug 24 at Balintawak after discovery; Bonifacio and others evaded Spanish sentries and moved to Balintawan/Bahay Toro; around Aug 22, 500 rebels left Balintawak for Kangkong; on Aug 23–24 they moved toward Pugadlawin and Balint Lawin; the famous cedula-tearing event occurred at Juan A. Ramos’s yard (Melchora Aquino’s son).

    • The event popularly called the Cry of Balintawak occurred, though Agoncillo notes it happened at Pugadlawin; the naming is a matter of historical labeling.

Important Dates and Events (for quick reference)

  • First Mass date claimed: 31\ March\ 1521 (Easter Sunday) per Pigafetta.

  • Debated sites: Mazaua (Pigafetta), Mazava (Albo’s logbook), Limasawa (scholarly debate).

  • Balintawak gathering (First Cry of the Philippine Revolution): 26\ August\ 1896 (Masangkay account) with events proceeding toward Balintawan / Bahay Toro and Kangkong.

  • Pugadlawin / Cry events: late August 1896 with the famous cedula-tearing episode at some site near Balintin-lawin; commonly linked to Aug 23–24 in the Agoncillo narrative and to the overall sequence culminating in the uprising.

  • Upward timeline notes from Masangkay and Alvarez accounts include dates: 23\ August\ 1896, 24\ August\ 1896, and the plan for midnight of 29\ August\ 1896 for the uprising.

  • Notable figures: Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Aguedo del Rosario, Briccio Pantas, Francisco Carreon, Melchora Aquino (Cabesang Melchora), Apolonio Samson.

Formulas, Numbers, and Key Symbols Used

  • Dates and durations (formatted in LaTeX where numbers appear):

    • First Mass: 31\ \text{March}\ 1521

    • Aug 26, 1896: 26\ August\ 1896

    • Aug 23–24, 1896 events; plan for uprising at midnight of 29\ August\ 1896

    • Timings reported: “nine o’clock in the morning”; “at about eleven that night”; “nearly two in the morning”

    • Crowd sizes: >500 Katipuneros; “three hundred”, etc. (as described in the accounts)

  • The numbers are kept in plain text where appropriate, with LaTeX used for exact dates and quantities as shown above.

Quick Reference: Key Figures and Accounts

  • Guillermo Masangkay (1932 account) — Aug 26 Balintawak; details of attendees and debate about timing; Cedula pledge; push toward uprising.

  • Santiago Alvarez (Candelaria, Alporha & Kunting, 2021) — corroborates Masangkay narrative with additional details about the trek and meetings.

  • Teodoro Agoncillo (1956) — argues the Cry occurred at Pugad Lawin (Aug 23, 1896 in his narrative) and discusses the sequence of movements Sept 1896; notes the naming issue of “Cry of Balintawak” vs “Cry of Pugadlawin.”

  • Melchora Aquino (Cabesang Melchora) — hosted Katipuneros at her granary; central to the Bahay Toro gathering venue.