Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Atoms are the smallest particle of any element

Sub-atomic particleProton(p)Neutron(n)Electron(e)
Relative Mass111/1840
Relative Charge+101
  • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus which is positively charged and contains most of the mass
  • Mass of electrons too small to be counted as part of the mass
  • atom is electrically neutral as the number of positively charged protons is equal to the number of negatively charged electrons

Periodic Table

  • Contains metals, non-metals and metalloids-have properties of both metals and non-metals

  • Atoms(Noble gases) in group 18 are stable due to having a Completely Filled Outermost Electron Shell (CFOES) and are inert and exist as single atoms

  • Have a duplet(2) or octet(8) electronic configuration

  • Will share, lose or gain valence electrons for atoms to attain a stable noble gas electronic configuration

  • Therefore, atoms may need to lose or gain electrons to become stable in which they become charged particles called ions

    • Gains valence electrons>negative ions (anions)
    • Loses valence electrons>positive ions (cations)

Chemical Compound of Ions

  • Positive ions attracts negative ions in which an ionic compound is formed and an ionic bond exists between them>electrostatic forces of attraction
  • Ions formed through transfer of valence electrons from metals to non-metals

Example:

Name of IonName of atom before the ion is formedCharge of IonChemical Formula
HydrogenHydrogen+1H+
OxideOxygen-2O2-
ChlorideChlorine-1Cl-

Transition Metals

Name of IonName of atom before the ion is formedCharge of ionChemical Formula
Copper(I)Copper+1Cu+
Iron(II)Iron+2Fe2+
Iron (III)Iron+3Fe3+

Finding the Chemical Formula

Sodium Chloride

Formula of ionsNa+Cl-
Charge+1-1
Simplest Ratio11

Chemical Formula: NaCl

Magnesium Chloride

Formula of IonsMg2+Cl-
Charge+2-1
Simplest ratio22

Chemical Formula: MgCl 2

*To find the chemical formula, you criss-cross the formula of the ions and the simplest ratio of the combining ions

Polyatomic Ions

Two or more atoms chemically combined to form an ion

Example:

NameNumber of each type of atomChargeFormula of Ion
Hydroxide ion1 oxygen atom and 1 hydrogen atom-1OH-
Sulfate ion1 sulfur atom and 4 oxygen atoms-2SO4 2-
Ammonium ion1 nitrogen atom and 4 hydrogen atoms+1NH4+

Molecules

  • Two or more elements chemically combined together
  • Molecule of an element is made up of the same type of atoms
  • Molecules of a compound is made up of two or more different types of atoms

Examples:

Molecule of an Element

ElementChemical FormulaNumber of atoms in molecule
Hydrogen (H)H22
Oxygen (O)O22
Nitrogen (N)N22
Sulfur (S)S8 or S2
Fluorine (F)F28
Chlorine (Cl)Cl22
Bromine (Br)Br22

Molecule of Compounds

Chemical NameNumber of each type of atomChemical Formula
Water2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atomH2O
Carbon dioxide1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atomsCO2
Nitrogen dioxide1 nitrogen atom and 2 oxygen atomsNO2
Sulfur dioxide1 sulfur atom and 2 oxygen atomsSO2

Chemical Equations

  • Must be balanced

  • Number of atoms of each element before and after the reaction must be equal

  • Mass is conserved during a chemical reaction

  • Tips from a wise woman

    • Use numbers like 2 and 3

    • Always try to make odd numbers even

    • Balance ‘H’ and ‘O’ last

    • Go for LCM (lowest common multiple)

    • Always check answer

Image by By Ansaroo