H A&P : Everything You Need To Know for Exam 1

**__Anatomical position -__** the body standing tall and erect, facing forward, palms by your side, facing up, and feet hip width apart

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**__Planes of the body: (dividing the body)__**

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Transverse - top to bottom

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Frontal - front to back

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Sagittal - left to right

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Midsagittal - separates equally left and right

Parasagittal - separates off the midline

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**__Quadrants of the abdominopelvic sections:__**

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Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower and middle sections

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Right hypochondriac - right upper

Left hypochondriac - left upper

Top middle - epigastric (around)

Right middle - right lumbar

Left middle - left lumbar

Middle - umbilical region

Right lower - right inguinal

Middle bottom - hypogastric

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**__Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and serous membranes:__**

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**__Organ - Viscera__**

**__Cavity - parietal__**

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Serous membrane that covers the lung - Visceral Pleura

Serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity - Parietal Pleura

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Serous membrane that covers the heart - Visceral Pericardium

Serous membrane that lines the heart cavity - Parietal Pericardium

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Serous membrane that covers the digestive organs - Visceral Peritoneum

Serous membrane that lines digestive cavity - Parietal Peritoneum 

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Retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum (kidneys)

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**__Homeostasis : (balance of the body)__**

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Receptor - receive information from the body, sends to control center

Control center - process the signals, sends instructions (brain)

Effector - puts the message from the brain into effect, response

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**__Sections of long bone:__**

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Shaft - diaphysis

Ends of the bone - epiphysis

Coverings of the bone - periosteum

In the diaphysis - medullary cavity, contains blood vessels

Inside lining of the medullary cavity - endosteum

Section where diaphysis and epiphysis- - metaphysis

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Define:

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Sinus - a chamber within the bone filled with air

Tuberosity - bump

Foramen - an opening

Condyle - 

Fossa - 

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Types of bones and 

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Sesamoid - patella

Irregular - vertebrae

Long bone - phalanges

Sutural - bone in skull

Flat - sternum

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Bone cells:

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Osteogenic cell - bone stem cell

Osteoblasts - build

Osteoclasts - carve

Osteocytes - mature bone cell

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Structure of an osteon:

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Structural unit of a bone - osteon

Osteon has a central canal which contains - blood vessels

Circles around osteon - lamellae

Spaces/pockets within the cell - lacunae

Inside the lacunae - osteocyte

Osteocyte is a … mature bone cell

Ossification - to make bone

Endochondral ossification - from within the cartilage, we create bone 

Cartilage - does not have blood vessels

Blood vessels penetrate the - cartilage

Primary ossification center - where the creation of bone starts happening 

Secondary ossification center - bringing it towards the end of the bones

Epiphyseal plate - room for the bone to grow

Epiphyseal line - bone stopped growing, no room for bone to grow

Remodeling - continual process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity

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Bone repair:

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When you break a bone … you also break blood vessels

Blood vessels will clot immediately, add fluid to protect from infection (fractural hematoma)

Extra padding of bone around the fracture site - external callus

External callus - prevents bone from breaking in the same place again

Consequence of deficient calcium 

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