Metabolism
Metabolism: step by step process by which cells take nutrients from their environment and convert them into sufficient components to double their mass and then become 2 cells
All the biochemical reactions that take place in the cell are called its metabolism
Each step is coordinated by a specific enzyme
Catabolic Pathways
Breakdown cellular components
Exergonic
Anabolic Pathways
Synthesis cellular components
Endergonic
Must be coupled to exergonic reaction
Synthesis and Division
Reproduction
Making more cellular materials
Requires the production of starting materials
Bringing nutrients into the cell
Catabolism: converting nutrients into a group of organic compounds which serve as a starting point to synthesize all other cellular components
12 precursor metabolites
ATP
Reducing power ie: NADH
Biosynthesis
Making small molecules the cell needs
Polymerization
To form macromolecules
Assembly
Breakdown of reactants
Used for recycling building blocks
Used for energy to drive endergonic reactions
Energy stored in intermediates such as ATP, NADH
Biosynthetic reactions
Make large macromolecules or smaller molecules not available from food
Require energy inputs from intermediates (NADH or ATP) to drive reactions
Substrate-level Phosphorylation (one to one tradeoff)
Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule
Chemiosmosis (many molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose)
Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi
Electron removed from one molecule is added to another
Oxidation: removal of electrons
Reduction: addition of electrons
Electrons removed by oxidation of organic molecules are used to create energy intermediates like NADH
NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH useful in two ways:
Releases a lot of energy when oxidized that can be used to make ATP
Can donate electrons during synthesis reactions to energize them
Metabolism: step by step process by which cells take nutrients from their environment and convert them into sufficient components to double their mass and then become 2 cells
All the biochemical reactions that take place in the cell are called its metabolism
Each step is coordinated by a specific enzyme
Catabolic Pathways
Breakdown cellular components
Exergonic
Anabolic Pathways
Synthesis cellular components
Endergonic
Must be coupled to exergonic reaction
Synthesis and Division
Reproduction
Making more cellular materials
Requires the production of starting materials
Bringing nutrients into the cell
Catabolism: converting nutrients into a group of organic compounds which serve as a starting point to synthesize all other cellular components
12 precursor metabolites
ATP
Reducing power ie: NADH
Biosynthesis
Making small molecules the cell needs
Polymerization
To form macromolecules
Assembly
Breakdown of reactants
Used for recycling building blocks
Used for energy to drive endergonic reactions
Energy stored in intermediates such as ATP, NADH
Biosynthetic reactions
Make large macromolecules or smaller molecules not available from food
Require energy inputs from intermediates (NADH or ATP) to drive reactions
Substrate-level Phosphorylation (one to one tradeoff)
Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule
Chemiosmosis (many molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose)
Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi
Electron removed from one molecule is added to another
Oxidation: removal of electrons
Reduction: addition of electrons
Electrons removed by oxidation of organic molecules are used to create energy intermediates like NADH
NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH useful in two ways:
Releases a lot of energy when oxidized that can be used to make ATP
Can donate electrons during synthesis reactions to energize them