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prof comm nonverbal comm notes

Chronemics in Nonverbal Communication

Chronemics refers to the study of how time affects communication. It involves the use of time in interactions, including punctuality, the duration of interactions, and the timing of messages.

Example: In a business context, arriving late to a meeting may be perceived as disrespectful or unprofessional, indicating a lack of value for others' time. Conversely, in some cultures, a more relaxed approach to time may signify a focus on relationships over strict schedules.

Listening


  • There is a difference between hearing and listening

  • Background noise vs processing and acknowledgment


Hearing

  • The physiological process with the vibrations of sound waves on the eardrum that fires neurons to the brains


Listening

  • The mental process that includes paying attention and processing what has been heard


Most people are poor listeners, that only understand half of what they hear and retain less than 25 percent of it after two days


Effective listeners often have higher jobs, and listening is an important skill in the workplace


90 percent of college is spent listening. Students with high grades are the ones with good listening skills.


How to improve speaking skills

  • Listening through lectures, television, radio, and other speakers


There are four types of listening

  • Appreciative listening

    • Pleasure or enjoyment

    • Songs, musicals, TV shows


  • Empathetic Listening

    • Provide emotional support


  • Comprehensive Listening

    • Listening to understand a message

    • Lectures, Speeches, etc


  • Critical listening

    • Evaluating a message with the intention to accept or reject it

    • Teachers listening to students, etc


Most important for public speaking is comprehensive and critical listening, as these are the ones they will use the most often at public speaking events. 


Critical and comprehensive listening are tied to each other. 


Critical thinking skills:

  • Summarize info

  • Distinguish major from minor points

  • Recall facts and information said


Critical Listening Skills

  • Separate facts from opinions

  • Spotting weaknesses in reasoning

  • Judge the soundness of evidence


Four barriers

  • Failure to concentrate 

  • Listening too hard

  • Jumping to conclusions

  • Focusing on delivery and personal appearance rather than the message


Ways to become a better listener

  1. Take it seriously

    1. Try and practice

  2. Resist distractions

    1. Make a conscious effort to pay attention to the message

  3. Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery

    1. Set aside preconceived notions about looks or manner of speech

  4. Suspend judgment

    1. Listen to the entire message and asses evidence before deciding on quality and reception

  5. Focus your listening

    1. Main points

    2. Quality of evidence

    3. Effective speaking techniques

  6. Develop Note Taking skills

    1. Concentrate on the main points, then line supporting details

    2. Utilize keywords and phrases to summarize points

  7. Practice active listening

    1. Give undivided attention to the speaker

      1. Important for empathetic listening



Nonverbal Communication

Can be translated vocally without linguistic means, oral/nonoral

Seven Types:

  • Proxemics

    • Distance

    • Proximity

    • How people perceive and use space to achieve communication goals

      • EX: Teachers moving to be close to students off-task

    • Four types

      • Intimate 0-18 Inches

      • Personal 18 inches-4 feet

      • Social 4-10 feet

      • Public 10 or more feet

    • Deliberately chosen

    • Varies by culture as it is learned by observation

    • Indicates relationships between people

    • Most Americans prefer 18 inches of space

  • Haptics

    • Touch

    • Communication between people or animals done via touch

    • Most effective

    • Withholding touch can indicate a variety of negative feelings

      • EX: Hugging friends

  • Chronemics

    • Time

    • Differs from culture and people

  • Kinesics

    • Interpretation of body movement

    • Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, gestures, physical appearance

  • Artifacts

    • Dress, belongings, etc

    • Material belongings are an extension of us

    • Situations govern appropriate dress

  • Gestures

    • Subtle or not subtle

    • Used instead of words or help us increase understanding of what is being said

  • Vocals / Paralanguage

    • Use of voice using pitch, rate, pauses, volumes, tone, silence, laughs, screams, sighs

    • Accents are apart of this

    • People who talk louder, faster, or fluently are perceived as more persuasive

    • Powerless styles (pause, um, uh, tag questions) lowers perceptions of credibility

  • Environment

    • What we surround ourselves with

      • EX: house decor show people stuff about us

      • Used to influence nonverbally,

        • Ex: putting necessary items opposite from each other to force people to look at more products

Functions:

Repeating

  • Say what you are saying in words

  • Called emblems

Substitution

  • Use of nonverbal behaviors instead of with words

  • Ex nodding

Compliment

  • Strengthen what is being said with words

  • Illustrators

  • Making a sad face when saying sorry

Accentuate

  • Emphasize words or clarify what you mean

  • Tone!

Regulate

  • Controlling the flow of conversation

  • Tells us when it is our turn to talk or when the other person is finished talking

Contradict

  • Saying one things while non verbally communicating something different

Deceive


Paired with verbal language

93 percent of communication is nonverbal

38 is vocal elements

55 is body language, facial expressions, gestures