GACE ESOL 619: Professional Aspects

### Definitions Related to Second Language Learning

#### Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado (1969)

A landmark court case that addressed de facto segregation in Denver schools, including the unequal treatment of minority students, which indirectly impacted English Language Learners (ELLs) as part of the broader push for equal education.

#### Lau v. Nichols (1974)

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the failure to provide English language instruction to non-English-speaking students violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ensuring that schools must take steps to help ELLs overcome language barriers.

#### Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)

Federal legislation that requires schools to take action to overcome language barriers preventing students from accessing equitable educational opportunities.

#### Castaneda v. Pickard (1981)

A court ruling establishing a three-pronged test to evaluate the adequacy of programs for ELLs: the program must be based on sound educational theory, effectively implemented, and proven to yield results in overcoming language barriers.

#### No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) (2001)

Federal law emphasizing accountability in education, requiring schools to demonstrate measurable progress for all student groups, including ELLs, through standardized testing and other metrics.

#### Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (1965)

A foundational federal law aimed at closing achievement gaps and providing additional support to disadvantaged students, including ELLs.

#### Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

The 2015 reauthorization of ESEA, which replaced NCLB, provided more flexibility to states in measuring student progress and required states to include ELL progress as a part of school accountability systems.

#### Home Language Survey

A tool used by schools to identify students who may need language support services by asking about the languages spoken at home.

#### Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives (AMAOs)

Benchmarks set for ELLs under NCLB to measure progress in learning English, attaining proficiency, and meeting academic content standards.

#### Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

A metric under NCLB used to assess schools' effectiveness in achieving academic goals, including those for ELLs.

#### Migrant Education Program (MEP)

A federal program designed to support the educational needs of children of migrant workers, including access to language instruction and other academic resources.

#### English Language Proficiency (ELP) Exams

Standardized assessments used to measure ELLs’ progress in learning English across reading, writing, listening, and speaking domains.

#### Co-Teaching

An instructional strategy where two teachers (often an ESL teacher and a content-area teacher) collaboratively deliver lessons to support all students, including ELLs.

#### Parallel Teaching

A co-teaching model where teachers split the class into smaller groups and deliver the same content simultaneously to enhance individualized attention.

#### Station Teaching

A co-teaching approach where students rotate through stations, each facilitated by a teacher or involving independent tasks, to engage with different aspects of the lesson.

#### Lead and Support

A co-teaching model where one teacher leads the primary instruction while the other provides targeted support to individuals or small groups.

#### Team Teaching

A co-teaching method where both teachers share equal responsibility for delivering instruction, often presenting content together in a seamless partnership.

#### ESL Paraprofessional

A trained assistant who works under the supervision of certified teachers to provide additional support to ELLs, often through one-on-one or small-group instruction.

#### Project-Based Learning

An instructional method where students actively explore real-world problems and challenges, fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and language development for ELLs.

#### School-Based Enterprise

A hands-on learning program where students manage and operate a business within the school, integrating academic and practical skills.

#### Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL)

A nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting language learning and cultural understanding through research and resource development.

#### Dave’s ESL Café

A popular online resource for ESL teachers and students, offering lesson ideas, job postings, and forums for language learning and teaching discussions.

#### National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE)

A professional organization advocating for bilingual education and equitable educational opportunities for ELLs.

#### Office of English Language Education (OELA)

A division of the U.S. Department of Education that provides resources and leadership to enhance the education of ELLs.

#### TESL-EJ

An online journal focused on research and practice in Teaching English as a Second Language, providing peer-reviewed articles and teaching resources.

#### TESL Journal

A publication offering practical and theoretical insights into teaching English as a Second Language.

#### TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages)

An international organization supporting professionals who teach English to non-native speakers, offering training, resources, and advocacy for effective language education.