test 2 review

• Nematodes(Parasitic roundworms);

• Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)Female lays eggs on anus at night 

• Necator americanus(Hookworm) Larva crawls through bare foot into body, matures into adult in the body, causes damage, sucks blood leading to anemia

• Cestodes(Tapeworms);

• Dipylidium caninum(Dog flea tapeworm)

• Tenia Saginata(Beef tapeworm)

• Tenia Solium(Pork tapeworm)

• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes(some are parasites)

  • 2 forms; Cyst(Dormant from), Trophozoite(active feeding, reproducing from) 

• Plasmodium spp.(multiple species) 

  • Malaria parasite

  • Life cycle: Infected mosquito, Human Liver cell, Human RBC, New mosquito

• Naegleria fowleri(brain eating amoeba)

  • 97% fatality rate if it gets into brain from nasal cavity

• Giardia intestinalis(beaver fever)

  • Fecal/oral transmission, GI symptoms, more common in campers

• Toxoplasma gondii(Toxoplasma)

  • Fecal/oral route

  • Only reproduces in GI tract of cats

  • Problem for immunocompromised/pregnancy/infants

  • No infection/asymptomatic infection in healthy people  

• Trichomonas vaginalis(Trich)

  • STD

    BV: bacterial vaginosis 

    • Overgrowth/imbalance of vaginal bacteria/vaginal ph

    • Can be caused by many factors affecting the person's hormones/vaginal ecosystem

    • Can also be transmitted sexually(STD, however, that is not the main cause)

    • Treated using Flagyl(Antibiotic/antiprotozoal)

  
  

  • Yeast infections(covered in part 3 of unit 3)

  
  Los protozoos son eucariotas unicelulares (algunos son parásitos)
  2 formularios; Quiste (Latente de), Trofozoíto (alimentación activa, reproducción de)
  Plasmodium spp. (múltiples especies)
  Parásito de la malaria
  Ciclo de vida: Mosquito infectado, Célula hepática humana, Glóbulos rojos humanos, Nuevo mosquito
  Naegleria fowleri (ameba comecerebros)
  Tasa de mortalidad del 97% si ingresa al cerebro desde la cavidad nasal
  Giardia intestinalis (fiebre del castor)
  Transmisión fecal/oral, síntomas gastrointestinales, más comunes en los campistas
  Toxoplasma gondii(Toxoplasma)
  Vía fecal/oral
  Solo se reproduce en el tracto gastrointestinal de los gatos
  Problema para inmunodeprimidos/embarazo/lactantes
  Ausencia de infección/infección asintomática en personas sanas 
  Trichomonas vaginalis(Tricomoniasis)
  ETS

  VB: vaginosis bacteriana
  Crecimiento excesivo/desequilibrio de bacterias vaginales/pH vaginal
  Puede ser causada por muchos factores que afectan las hormonas/ecosistema vaginal de la persona
  También puede transmitirse por vía sexual (sin embargo, las ETS no son la causa principal)
  Tratada con Flagyl (antibiótico/antiprotozoario)
  Infecciones por levaduras (cubierto en la parte 3 de la unidad 3)

• Helminths are pathogenic.

• Helminths infect immunocompromised individuals.

• Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes.

• Helminths, Protozoa, Fungi, and Animals are eukaryotes.

• Helminths are considered animals.

• Adult helminths are usually macroscopic.

• Helminth eggs are microscopic.

• Physical barriers against infection include skin and mucous membranes. Enzymatic barriers include enzymes like lysozyme.

• Microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes compete with pathogens for resources and produce antimicrobial substances.

• The primary immunoglobulin produced as a result of a helminth/parasitic infection is IgE.

• WBCs attack helminths through mechanisms like antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), where eosinophils and other immune cells bind to antibodies coating the helminth and release toxic substances to kill it.

• The primary WBC of the innate immune system produced as a result of a helminth infection is eosinophils.

• Eosinophilia is an elevated level of eosinophils in the blood, often indicative of a parasitic infection.

• Cestoda (the tapeworms)

• Trematode (fluke)

• Nematode (roundworms)

• Dioecious: Having separate sexes (male and female).

• Monecious: Having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual (hermaphroditic).

Enterobius vermicularis

• Common name: Pinworm

• Is this worm deadly? No, it is usually not deadly.

• Where does the female lay her eggs at night? On the anus.

• What is usually the worst symptom associated with this infection? Intense anal itching (pruritus ani).

Necator americanus

• Common name: Hookworm

• Does this worm suck blood from the intestines? Yes.

• Anemia: A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

• Can this worm be deadly? It can cause severe anemia and related complications, which can be life-threatening, especially in infants and malnourished individuals.

• How does this worm get into the body? Larvae penetrate the skin, usually through bare feet.

Taenia saginata

• Common name: Beef tapeworm

Taenia solium

• Common name: Pork tapeworm

• Meat from both of these worms must either be frozen or cooked to a high enough internal temperature to kill any of the worm cysts.

Dipylidium caninum

• Common name: Dog flea tapeworm

FUNGI

• Unicellular fungi: Yeasts

• Multicellular fungi: Molds

• Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs? Heterotrophs

• Are fungi plants? No

• Hyphae: Thread-like filaments that form the mycelium of a fungus.

• Do Fungal cells have cell walls? Yes, they have cell walls made of chitin.

• Fungi are Saprobes, meaning what? They obtain nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.

• Oral nystatin is usually used to treat what kind of infection? Oral thrush (Candida infection in the mouth).

• Azoles are mostly antifungal drugs that interfere with fungal cell membrane synthesis.

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae is/has been used by humans for centuries to make: Bread, beer, and wine.

• Microsporum canis is the most common cause of animal to human transmission of ringworm.

Candida albicans:

• Overgrowth can lead to yeast infections on the skin or mucous membranes.

• What are examples of places on the body that C. albicans normally lives? Mouth, throat, gut, and vagina.

• Opportunistic pathogen: A microorganism that causes disease when the host's defenses are compromised.

Candidiasis
- Cutaneous: Skin infection
- Thrush: Oral candidiasis
- Vulvovaginal: Vaginal yeast infection

• Central venous catheter and Candida biofilm: Candida can form biofilms on medical devices like central venous catheters, leading to bloodstream infections.

Candida auris
- What kind of patients is it mostly likely to infect? Immunocompromised patients.
- What do long terms or acute healthcare facilities have to do with this fungus? It can spread rapidly in these facilities due to its resistance to many antifungal drugs and its ability to persist on surfaces.

PROTOZOA

• Are protozoa multi or unicellular? Unicellular

How do the following move around?
- Amoeba: Pseudopodia (false feet)
- Ciliates: Cilia
- Flagellates: Flagella

• Plasmodium spp. causes Malaria

• Trophozoite: The active, feeding, and reproducing stage of a protozoan parasite.

• Cyst: The dormant, non-motile, and infective stage of a protozoan parasite.

• Giardia intestinalis: Causes giardiasis, a diarrheal illness often associated with contaminated water (beaver fever).

• Naegleria fowleri: Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare and deadly brain infection.

• Toxoplasma gondii: Causes toxoplasmosis, which can be problematic for pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals.

• Trichomonas vaginalis: Causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection.

• The most common protective bacteria of the vagina during reproductive years: Lactobacillus species.

• They produce lactic acid as a waste product, which creates a acidic environment in the vagina under normal conditions.

• “Normal” Vaginal discharge: Clear to white, odorless, and may vary in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle.

BV is caused by what 3 things?
- Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria
- Decrease in Lactobacillus bacteria
- Imbalance of vaginal flora