UNIT 2 APHG MC STUDY GUIDE

Population Density

• Arithmetic population density is a calculation of the total number of people divided by the total area of a place, also called real density. It doesn't take into account any of the quality or characteristics of the land in the area such as the amount of land available to produce food.

• Physiological/agricultural density measures the total number of people and divides them between the total amount of farmable land. So the amount of land to be used is much smaller than for arithmetic density but the amount of people is much larger than what is used in agricultural density.

Agricultural Density: the ratio of the number of farmers to arable (farmable) land

Population Pyramids

• countries with lower fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids that are shaped more uniformly throughout.

• countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates, and low life expectancies wil have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops.

STRUCTURE:

• male, age, female

• wide base = lots of kids (africa)

• wide top = lots of elderly (japan)

• lines are called cohorts  

TYPES:

• j-curve- lots of kids, small amount of elderly (LDC)

• equal- B.R.I.C or middle LDCs

• rectangle- less kids but they are about equal to elderly and working population. (MDC)

•  upside down triangle- small population of kids, high elderly population (MDC)

Models

Demographic Transition Model(DTM)- a theory of how population changes over time and provides insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women.

World standards: Birth rate average 21 and death rate average 9

Once a country moves from one step to the next it will not back track, unless a cataclysmic event.

Countries must go through each stage.

Stage 1

• Equal, fluctuating, and high birth and death rate; natural increase: stable or slow increase

• Hunting and gathering(pre-agricultural societies)

• Low population

• There is no country in the world that is in this stage

Stages 2

• Birth rates are exponentially increasing and death rates are exponentially decreasing; natural increase: very rapid increase

• Death rates are declining due to more stable food source

• Population explosion

• Farming/agricultural societies

• Children are born for labor; they are backup plan for parents

• High TMR, CMR, and IMR

Stage 3

• Birth rates are falling and death rates are falling more slowly; linear; natural increase: increase slows down

• Industrial societies

• BRIC(Brazil, Russia, India, China) countries are LDC(less developed countries)

• Industrial revolution; mechanized system of farming

• Factories in urban areas

• Less TFR due to women entering workforce

• Birth and death rates decline due to urbanization and medical advancements

Stage 4

• Equal and low birth rates and death rates; natural increase: stable or slow increase

• Tertiary societies(service jobs)

• Move from factories/production to service industries and selling products

• TFR at/below 2

• Some countries are experiencing too low birth rates and paying or giving incentives for children

• Child become economic liability

• High standard of living; low birth rates due to access to birth control

• High population but even growth

• Moving towards zero population growth(ZPG)

• DINK(double income, no kids)

Stage 5

• very low birth rates and low death rates; natural increase: slow increase

• Deaths rates slightly increase due to diseases evolving

Population Pyramids

STRUCTURE:

• male, age, female

• wide base = lots of kids (africa)

• wide top = lots of elderly (japan)

• lines are called cohorts  

TYPES:

• j-curve- lots of kids, small amount of elderly (LDC)

• equal- B.R.I.C or middle LDCs

• rectangle- less kids but they are about equal to elderly and working population. (MDC)

•  upside down triangle- small population of kids, high elderly population (MDC)

Demographic Transition Model

STAGES: 

• Stage 1- equally high birth and death rate

• 1-2: agricultural revolution

• Stage 2- higher birth rate than death rate because of medicine and traditional family structure; agricultural 10,000 BC; Highest RNI

• 2-3: industrial revolution

• Stage 3- decreasing birth rate (but still high) death rates still low; industrialization

• Stage 4- decreasing birth rate (low), death rates still low

• Stage 5- lower birth rates than death rate; decreasing 

FACTS: 

• no countries in stage one

• LDC countries in late stage 2 to early stage 3

• japan & russia in stage 5

• Better educational opportunities for women= lower BR

Epidemiological Transition Model

STAGES:

• Stage 1- pestilence & famine EX: The Black Plague

• Stage 2- receding pandemics (disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population) EX: cholera in London or in NYC

• Stage 3 & 4 - degenerative diseases (age related) & human created diseases EX: heart disease and cancer

Rate of Natural Increase

GROWTH:

• population projected to grow exponentially then level off at 10-11 billion

• birth rate - death rate = RNI (per thousand)

• slowed in asia

PREVENTION:

• use of birth control

• governments use propaganda

• Sterilization→india (first country) 

• one child policy →China

TFR & Doubling Time

TOTAL FERTILITY RATES:

• Average number of kids a women 15-49 has

• world average is 2.1

• higher in LDCs (less/least developed countries)

• lower in MDCs (more/most developed countries)

DEPENDENCY:

• (youth dependency) child dependency rate- the percent of children under 14 who rely on the working class (15-64)

• (elderly dependency) old age dependency rate- the percentage of elderly 65+ who rely on the working class (15-64)

ENCOURAGED GROWTH:

• to add population there must be high BR or immigration

• incentives are used to encourage women to have more kids-EX: longer maternity leave, state paid daycare, etc.

• japan, russia, stage 5 countries

ENCOURAGED DECLINE:

• women are choosing careers over kids

• falling due to family planning, economic uncertainty, & encouragement from the government

• countries in africa, stage 2 countries

DOUBLING TIME:

• time it takes for a population to double

• rule of 7: rate/7=x → 100/x

  • EX: 3.5/.7=5 → 100/5=20 → 20 years

THOMAS MALTHUS

THOMAS MALTHUS:

• british economist

• 1700s

• wrote On Population

THEORY:

• believed that the population is overgrowing the world’ s resources

• positive check-increases death and reduced population (famine)

WHY HE WAS WRONG:

• agricultural goods are exchanged through globalization 

• food productions have grown due to new technologies

NEO-MALTHUSIANS:

• concerned with the overpopulation of the planet which will lead to human suffering

• Not only concerned with food sources, but other resources like energy and water

POPULATION DENSITY

PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY:

• per arable land

• people divided by arable land

ARITHMETIC DENSITY:

• per square kilometer/mile

• people divided by land

EXTRA

Middle-B.R.I.C (Brazil, Russia, India, China)

CYCLIC MOVEMENT

CYCLIC MOVEMENTS:

• going somewhere and coming back 

• commutes

• snowbirds- the retired or almost retired that go to warmer places in the winter

• transhumance- the moving of livestock to graze in a seasonal cycle; winter=lowlands & summer=highland

• pastoralism-herding of livestock

MIGRATION

MIGRATION:

• the movement of a person or a group of people from one place of residence to another 

TYPES:

• forced or voluntary movement

• internal or international/external movement

• seasonal migration

• rural to urban migration

PUSH FACTORS: 

• reasons migrants leave

• conflict

• environmental