Untitled Flashcards Set

Ovaries - pair of female organs (gonads)

• Each on a side of the pelvis 

• Size of a walnut 

• JOB

  • Produce egg cells (ova) & female hormones 

Estrogen - female hormone to help with female secondary sex characteristics 

Progesterone - help sustain the placenta during pregnancy 

Fallopioan Tubes - a pair of ducts which the ovum travles to the uterus 

• Another name is OVIDUCT

• This is where the egg or ovum travels though after it is relased. The ovum moves through the fallopian tubes by Cilla(small like hairs) it takes the ovum 2 to 3 days to pass though the fallopian tubes. If sperm is present in the fallopian tubes then fretilization can occur & then move on to the uterus for implantation. If the ovum is not fertinized the ovum disinegretes 

Uterus - pear shaped muscular female organ where the embryo & fetus develops & which menstratin occurs 

Endometrium - inner layer of the uterus with a speciatized epithelial mucous

Myometrium - muscle layer 

Perimetrium - outer layer of the uterus 

Parts of the uterus 

Fundus - upper portion of the uterus 

Corpus - middle portion 

Cervix - lowermost neck like area 

Culdesac - region in lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus 

• E term culdesac is used specifically to refer to the rectouterine pouch 

Cervix - lower neck portion of the uterus which leads to the vagina 

Vagina - muscular canal that is mucosa lined that extends from the uterus to the external part of the body 

Bartholin glands - 2 small glands on the both sides of the vaginal orfice that produce a mucous  secretion that lubricted the vagina

Clitoris - sensetive tissue located on the front of the vaginal orifice 

Vulva - external female genitalia 

Parts of the Vulva 

Labia majora - outer lips of the vulva 

Labia Minora - linner lips of the vulva 

Hymen - a very thin layer of membrane in front of the hymen that is broken apart usually during the first part of intercourse 

Breast - upper region of the chest & made up of the mammary gland 

• Which is fatty & fibrous tissue 

Glandular tissue - the breast develop doring puberty in reponse to the hormones released from the body 

Lactiferous ducts - tubes that carry milk from the mammary gland to the nipple 

Sinuses ducts - carry milk to the nipple thru the sinuses small opening the milk is released through the nipple 

During pregnancy the hormones released increase the breast size to allow for the breast to hold the milk the infant will need 

Lactation happends after brith & the pituitary gland simulate milk secretion of location 

• This is the union of the nuclei of the ovum and sperm cells 

• Ovum and sperm cells are called gametes 

• Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell 

Gametes (ovum & sperm cell) 

• Glametes are produced in the gonads 

• Femal gonads = overies 

• Male gonads = testes 

Fertilization 

• An ovum leaves the ovaries and travles through the fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum. The fertilized egg implants then divides to from a ball of cells, celled a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus)

• The occurrence of the first menstrual cycle is called Menarche (10-15 years) 

• The menstrual cycle last until the female enters Menopause 

• Menopause is absent of the menstrual cycle approx (45 to 60) this occurs 

Menstration happens when fertilization of the egg does not occur, hormones change resulting in the shredding of the uterine lining & this is why bleeding occurs or Menstration occurs

Menstation: 28 days & counting 

Day 1- 5 ( menstrual period )

Day 6 -12 = Repairing of the endometrium ( lining of the uterus) 

  The ovary starts the cycle of maturing due to the release of estrogen 

Day 13 & 14 Ovulation = Ovum matures & is release from the ovaries passed through the fallopian tubes 

Day 15 to 28 = Corpus Luteum happens / release of the egg cell leaving the outer part ( corpus Luteum ) to produce the hormones progesterone which if the released egg is fertilized while help substance the pregnancy . If no fertilization occurs the corpus lumen stops producing progesterone & all starts to degrade & excretes out after the 29th day during the menstrual cycle

Menstral cycle 

• Cycles can very in length with each female 

• Can have 21 to 42 day range 

• Can be regular or irregular

• Stop of start in the middle of a cycle 

Hormones that make menstrual & ovualtion happen 

• Pituiitary gland secretes 

• Follicle - stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone after menstruation to help with the ovum maturity & to trigger ovulation 

How many eggs is a female born with? ‘

• Average of 400, 000

• By 35 as little as 80,000

How dose brithcontrol affect my body with menstrual cycles? 

• Is it made off estrogen & progesterone or progesterone which “tricks” your body not to release eggs (85% of the time) 

Gynecology - study of the reproductive system

Obstetrics - specialty concerned with perganncy & delivery of the baby 

Neonatology - the study of care & treatment of newbrons 

Placenta - vascular organ attract to the uterine wall

• It is what allows the exchange of hormones, oxygen, nutrients & fetal waste products by the umbilical cord 

• Meaning anything the mother takes into her body affects the baby & growth 

The placenta is made up of the maternal endometrium & the chorion which is the outermost membrane that surrounds the embryo 

Amnion membrane is innermost membrane that surrounds the fetus 

• Fulid in the cavity is amniotic fluid 

The process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. 

• first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage 

• third through the eighth week is known as the embryonic period

• time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period

Human chorionic gonadotropin is what the placenta produces during pregnancy this is the hormone that will show up during a pregancy test 

• Low levels of progesterone & absent HGC cause loss of pregnancy 

IUD (intrauterine device) another brith control 

• IUD works by attaching to prevent implantaion of the ferilized egg

Birth control such as the birth control pill & IUD 

• Do not protect against STD 

Stages of pregnancy

• The uterus expands as the fetus grows by 30 weeks it occupies most of the abdominopelvic cavity 

Onset of labor is with contraction that increase with intensity & duration

Effacement - occurs which is the dilation & thinning of the cervix 

• The cervix dilates to 10cm around 

• Normal position the babies head comes first threw the cephalic 

Afterbirth - is the expulsion of the placenta

Menipause happens between 40 & 55

• Estrogen decreases & the start of no mense occurs 

• If ovaries are removed the onset of menopause with automatically start 

• Hormone replacement therapy can help with the symptoms of menopause & help with the onset of osteoporosis 

Perimetrium/ uterine serosa = outer most layer surrouding the uterus 

Uterus = hallow, pear - shaped muscualr female organ in which embryo and fetus develo, and from which menstration occurs 

Myometrium = muscle layer of the uterus 

Orifice = an opening 

Ovarian follicle = developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary

Ovary = one of am pair of female organs on each side of the pelvis; almond -shaped; produces egg cells and hormones 

ovulation =  release of the ovum from the ovary 

Ova = mature egg cell (female gamete) 

The breast - made of mammary glands with fibrous & fatty tissue 

Lactiferous (milk carrying) ducts and sinus cavities carry the milk to the nipple 

Parturition = giving birth 

Lactaion = normal secretion of milk from the mammary glands 

When this occurs the fertilized egg implants in the uterine endometrium. The corpus luteum contine to produce progesterone & estrogen this is what helps development of the uterine lining 

Placenta = vascualr organ attached tot he uterine wall during pregancy. It permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients & fetal waste products between mother & fetus 

Chorin = the outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta 

The amnion = the innermost of the ebryonic membrane 

Amniotic fluid = is the fulid that surrounds & suspends the fetus in the amnion cavity 

Hormones with pregancy & female reproduction system 

Estrogen; produced in the ovary & placenta

• Builds up the endometrial lining in the uterus 

Progesterone; produced in the corpus luteum (ovary) 

in the uterus & placents  

• Sustains the uterine lining & placenta during pregnancy 

hGC = produced in placenta 

• affects ovaries 

• sustains pregnancy 

FSH & LSH produced in the pituitary gland 

• Affect the ovary 

• FSH: stimulates maturation of the ovaries 

• LSH: stimulation of the ovulation 

APGAR scoring chart 

• Assessment of newborn 

• Scoring 1 to 5 min after brith 

APGAR score is to determine where the newborn is at with heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & response to stimuli 

Each one is rated 0,1,2. The max score could be 10 if below 7 require immediate medical attention with the airway & oxygenation 

APGAR is a mnemonic (memory device) 

A = appearance (color) 

P = pulse (heart rate) 

G = grimace (response to catheter in nostril) 

A = activity (muscel tone) 

R = respiration (respiratory effort) 

Abbreviations

IUD - intrauterine device 

LH - luterinizing hormone 

TAH-BSO - total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 

PID - pelvic inflammatory disease 

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone 

G - gravida 

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin 

VH - vaginal hysterectomy 

CX - cervix 

D&C - dialation & curettage

Reproductive disorders 

Carcinoma of the cervix 

• Cancer of the cervic is malignant cells within the cervix

***most increase for risk is infection with humman papillomavirus 

HPV/ certain types 16 & 18 while other types causes genital warts (benign growth on the valva, cervix, vagina, & anus 

Prevention of carcinaoma on the cevix

• Regular pap smear exams to cheak for dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) 

• Limit you number of sexual partners to decrease the risk of being infeacted 

Treatment of carcinoma in the cervix

• Surgical removal of the uterus 

  • Or a radial (complete) hysterectomy where the uterus, supportive tissue & top ⅓ of the vagina is removed 

• Chemotherapy & radiation used to keep the cancer from spreading 

Cervicitis 

• Inflammition of the cervix 

• Can occur becasue the lining of the cervix is not renewed each month like the vagina after menstration 

• Caused by bacterial infection or STD such as Chlamydis & Gonorrhea 

  • Which cause ulcerations on the cervix & leukorrhea of clear, whits or yellow thick pus filled discharge 

• Treatment can be cryocauterization (freezing of the tissue to destroy it) along with a course of antibiotics) 

Endometriosis 

• Endometrial (within the uterus tissue) located outside the uterus 

• The tissue may be found in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, & even as far as the small intestine 

• Causes infertility 

• Endometriomas (large blood filled cysts) 

Carcinoma of the endometrium 

• Malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma) 

Cause can be: 

•  Post menopause 

• Exposed to high levels of estrogen 

• obesity (estrogen is produced by the fatty tissue 

To find & treat preform a hysteroscopy 

Then dialation & curettage (scraping of the inner lining of the uterus) 

Cancer found then a hysterectomy & bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy (fallopian tubes & ovaries removed) 

Fibroids

• Benign tumor in the uterus 

• Fibroids also called 

  • Leiomyomata or leiomyomas 

  • lei/o = smooth 

  • my/o = muscle 

  • Oma = tumor 

  • s/s = pelvic pain (preasssure from the fibroids) or metrorrhagia 

  • UAE or Uterine Artery Embolization = pellets place in the uterines artery that “act like blood clots blocking the blood supply to the fibroids & making them shrink

Carcinoma of the ovarian 

1. serous = clear fluid 

2. Mucinous cystic adenocarcinomas = thick plasty filled tumor 

Most tumors are in advanced stage as abdominal mass when found due to early sings may be few or unnoticed 

Treatment: total hysterectomy & removal  of the fallopian tubes with chemotherapy & radiation 

Ocarian cysts 

• Collection of fluid filled sacs ( cysts) in the ovary 

• Benign can still burst cause intense pain 

• Malignant tumor is called 

Cystadenocarcinoma

The Picture to the side shows a Dermoid cysts which can contain skin , hair or teeth called also a Teratoma (Terat/o=monster )

Pelvic inflammatory disease 

• Inflammation & Infection of organs in the pelvic region cause scarring , discharge  & pain in abdominal , fever 

 -Cause by sexually transmitted disease 

- ectopic pregnancy & infertility can be consequences of PID 

Breast cancer - mallignant tumor of the best (arising from the milk glands & ducts) 

• Can be detected by a mammogram to detect any possibl breast cancer & to see the staging & if need of a biopsy

• Lymph nodes is where the cancer will spread & from there it can go throughout the body 

Sentinel Node Biopsy 

• Will preform to determine if the breast tumor has spread to the lymph nodes 

Breast cancer - tests - treatment 

• Stereotactic core needle biopdy to help guide where the cancer maybe 

• Either asperation of cancer or removal of the solid mass (lumpectomy) 

• Mastectomy either on breast or both are taken and chemotherapy 

• Self image may have reconstruction surgery 

Fibrocystic breast disease 

• Numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast 

  • Permenstrual tension 

  • Dietary imbalance 

  • Large amount of soda pop 

    • Usually beingn 

Perganncy disorder 

• Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta 

• Caused by trauma , fall or accident with force ( car accident ) or vascular insufficiency

• S/S = abdominal pain  feels like burning or bleeding 

• Ectopic pregnancy 

  • Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

  • Often in the fallopian tubes called a tubal pregnancy 

TX= surgical removal of the ectopic pregnancy before rupture & permanent damage to pelvic

• Or even to the extreme of abdominal / pelvic bleeding out 

Multiple gestation or births 

Puts the mother and babies at risk for  :

-Gestational diabetes 

-Preterm delivery 

-High blood pressure which could lead to preeclampsia 

Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus 

• High risk for Hemorrhage ( bleeding out ) which risk baby & mothers life 

• Cesarean section is recommend

  •  ( surgically removing the baby from the uterus )

Preeclampsia in pregnancy 

S/S :

-Marked by high blood pressure

-Proteinuria 

-Edema 

-Headache ( H/A) 

      -     Most treat these symptoms : Bed rest & placed in Trendelenburg position  

•  If preeclampsia is not treated go into Eclampsia which can cause the pregnant mother to have violent seizures

Neonatal disorder 

• Down syndrome =Chromosomal abnormality( trisomy 21 ) results in Mental retardation , retarded growth , & flat face with short nose , low-set ears & slanted eyes
  
  

• Hemolytic disease in newborn =Destruction of red blood cells in the newborn caused by a blood group ( Rh factor) incompatibility between mother & the fetus 

Infant respiratory distress syndrome = Acute lung disease commonly seen in premature newborn babies 

• This is do to deficiency of surfactant that is need for proper lung function, keeps the alveoli  from collapsing  

• Surfactant & oxygen are given to the baby 

Hydrocephalus =

• Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain 

• Hydrocephalus occurs because circulation of fluid in the brain & spinal cord .

Meconium aspiration syndrome 

• Happens when distress happen in the intrauterine & meconium gets displaced in to the amniotic fluid . The baby can inhale this & the cause breathing problems after birth 

Neonatal disorder/ pyloric stenosis 

• Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the doudenum 

CHAPTER 9 male reproductive 

Anatomy 

Male gonad = testis 

• There are normally 2 testies 

Scrotum = a sac enclosing the testes on the outeside of the body 

• Lays lower than the body to keep the temp lower so that the sperm can mature properly

Spermatogensis = is the maturing & developing of the sperm in the scrotum 

Perineum of the male is located between the anus & the scrotum 

Seminiferous tubules = are in the interior of the testes & composed of a large mass of naroww colided tubles, these tubes contain the sperm or spernatozoa (plural of sperm) 

Parenchymal tissue = preform the essential work of the tissue 

Interstitial cells = other cells that lay adjacent to the senimiferous tubles manufacture the testosterone 

Testerone = male hormone 

Stroma (stromal tissue) = the supportive tissue 

Epididymis = the upper part of the testies 

Vas deferens or ductus deferns = narrow tube (one on each side) that carry sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra 

• The sperm cell is microscopic less than 1 of 100,000 the size of the female ovum 

Sperm cell is composed of the head region, nuclear region where the hereditary material/ chromosomes are located & the tail region which has Flagellum (hair like particles) to make it motile in order to swim towards the female ovum 

Ejaculation = seperm & fluid from the male urethra 

• 300 million can be released during one ejaculation 

• They live 3 to 5 days and it is the time it takes to get to the fallpian tubes and ovum 

Seminal vesicles = paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid (a major component of semen) into the vas deferens 

Ejaculatroy duct = tube through which semen enters the male urethra 

Prostate gland = exocrine gland at the base of the urinary bladder

• The prostate secretes fluid that contributes to semen during ejaculation 

Semen = spermatozoa (sperm cells) & seminal fluid (prostatic & seminal vesicle secretions)

• Semen has alkaline chemicals to premote the survival of the sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina 

Bulbourethral glands lying below the prostate gland, also secrete fluid into the urethra during ejacultaion 

Penis is conposed of erectile tissue & at its tip expands to form a soft, sensitive region called the glans penis 

Prepucd (foreskin) covers the glans penis 

• If the male has a circumcision the foreskin is removed 

If more than one egg is in the fallopian tubes, sperm can fertilize them all resulting in twins, triplets, or quadruplets 

Fraternal twins = happen when separate ova by separate sperm have been fertilized

Identical twins are from a single egg

• As the fertinized egg cells divide in equal parts separately each producing an embryo 

• Same sex look very simmilar 

Testicular cancer 

• Carcinaoma of the testes 

• Rare 15 to 35 years of age 

• Seminoma - cells that form the sperm in the males 

Treatment 

• Can be treated and cured with surgery 

• Orchiectomy = removal of the testes 

• Radiotherapy & chemotherapy

• Tumor markers for this cancer is HGC (human chronicgondotropin & alfa - fetoproteins) (afp) 

Undescended testicle or cryptorchildism/ cryptorchism 

• Is undescended by 1 or 2 years can cause infertility later in life 

  • Treatment would be orchiopexy (surgery that moves an undescended testicle into the scrotum 

Hydeocele = sac of clear fluids in the scrotum 

• Maybe do to genetics or due to an infection such as mumps or tumors 

Testicular torsion = twisting of the spermatic cord 

• Rotation of the spermatic cord cuts off blood supply to the testis

• Often due to injury 

Varicocele = enlarged dialated vains near testicle 

• Can cause 

  • Scroal pain 

  • ****Oligospermis = scant amount of sperm 

  • ****Azoospermia = no spem 

Benign growth of cells within the prostate gland 

• Surgical treatment would be a TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) 

Carcinoma of the prostate = malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland occur in men over 50 

• Digital rectal exam is done to check the prostate (DRE) & the prostate specific antigen (PSA)  test that secreted from the tumor that can be detected in a blood test 

Hypospadias = congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of the tip 

Peyronie disease = abnormal curvature of the penis due to scarring tissue 

Phimosis = narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis 

Chlamydia = bacterial infection (by chlamydia trachomatis) of urethra & reproductive tract 

Gonorrhea = inflammation of the gential tract mucosa caused by the gonococci 

S/S = dysuria & yellow mucopurulent drainage 

• As a result of the different sexual activity the infection can occur in the reactal & pharynx areas

• Both parents need to abstain from any sexual activity & take the full anibiotics course, so reinection does not occur 

Herpes Genitalis = HSV type 2 = STD 

• That cause fever, headache, & fatigue 

• The affected is redden with fluid filled blister 

• There are medications to keep the symptoms at bay however no cure & stress brings out the virus with symptoms 

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection = infection of the skin & mucous membranes in the anogenital region/ which causes genital warts 

Syphillis =  chronic sexual transmitted infection that if caught in early stages can be treated with antibiotics 

• Later stages or left untreated tertiary stages include danage to the brain, heart & spinal cord 

• It can also be fatal or caught tot he fetus/ baby during the process of giving birth 

PSA = increase levels of the prostate - specific antigen in the blood indicate enlarged prostate or signs of cancer 

Semen analysis = microscopic examination of the ejaculated fluid with the sperm to examin number of sperm, shape & motility 

Constration = surgical removal of the testicles or ovaries 

Circumcision = surgical procedure to remove the prepuce or foreskin of the penis 

Photoselective vaporization of the prosate = removal of the benign prostate hyperplasia tissue using a later or green light laser 

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) = excision of the benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra 

Vasectomy = bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens