Comparative Government Flashcards

Mexico

Saxena Rule and Corporate System
Import Substitution Industrialization & Structural Adjustment
Zapatista Uprising
- Occurred during a one-party dictatorship and economic liberalization.
- Coincided with NAFTA; related to migration, globalization, economic liberalization.
- Connected to social cleavages.
- The PRI eventually fell through reforms like the National Electoral Institute (INE).
  - INE exemplifies an electoral regulatory organization.
Transition from Corporatism to Pluralism
- Mexico's government structure is residential, single executive, federal, symmetrical bicameral.
  - No runoff elections.
  - Single fixed term.
  - Senate approves appointments.
  - Chamber of Deputies handles revenue bills.
    - Similar to the U.S. system.
      Civil law system.
  - Federal system like the U.S.
Pemex
- State-owned oil company, not privatized.
- Reforms to create competition were reversed by AMLO.
Multiparty System
- Mexico is a good example of a multiparty system.
- After the fall of the PRI, the PAN was in power; then the PRI returned, followed by Morena.
Social Cleavages
- North/South divide.
- Indigenous population vs. mestizo population.
- Rural vs. urban.
Threats to Media Freedom
- Drug cartels.
Civil Society
- Transitioning from corporatism to pluralism.
- Fairly weak due to the history of one-party rule.
  - AMLO and Sheinbaum have not been great for civil society.
Foreign Direct Investment & NAFTA
- Maquiladoras are examples of foreign direct investment in northern Mexico.
- Comparison between Mexico and Nigeria: Similar systems (single executive, federalism, bicameral system).
Drug Cartels
- Connections to rule of law, using the military in law enforcement, journalistic freedom, and civil liberties.
- Civil liberties have declined due to drug cartel violence.
Structural Adjustment Policies
- The CED mentions IMF and World Bank assistance, requiring privatizations.
- Austerity measures are related.
Oil: Pemex vs. Gazprom
- Pemex is state-owned.
Federal Structure
- Constitutional division of power.
- Federalism was weak during the PRI era due to one-party rule.
  - Strengthened with a multiparty system.
  - Abortion policies are an example of states making decisions.
Zapatista Uprising Causes
* Indigenous rights lacking autonomy.
* Anti-globalization feelings.
* Feared development to be detrimental to poor farmers in the south.
* Effect: Negotiated end with some violence.
* Promises from negotiations were not fulfilled.
Independence of Judiciary
* CED says that Mexico is a good example of greater independence and power of judiciary since the end of the 20th century.
* Gaining powers like judicial review.
However, recent changes make the independence of the judiciary uncertain.
Election to Senate and Chamber of Deputies
- Senate: Mix of first past the post and proportional representation.
  - Three senators per state.
    - Two from one party, one from another.
    - Additional 32 seats through proportional representation.
  - Chamber of Deputies: 300 first past the post, 200 proportional representation.
How International Organizations Affect the Country
* NAFTA is an agreement, not an organization.
International organizations to associated with Mexico: IMF.

Russia

Transition from Soviet Union
- Boris Yeltsin: Rapid economic liberalization.
  - Perceived as a failure, leading to corruption and the rise of oligarchs.
  - Transition to democracy was not successful.
Vladimir Putin
- Centralization of power under a single-party system.
- Manipulation to stay in power (switcheroo with Medvedev).
- Changing the constitution for extended terms.
- Economically stabilized the country through renationalization of natural resources.
  Conflicts with other countries and regional influence distract population.
- Fifth term as president.
Government Structure
- Semi-presidential system
  * Separate elections for the legislature (Duma) and the president.
  Election of the Duma.
  * Prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the Duma.
Federation Council
Upper house representing the regions.
Two from each, but not directly elected; chosen by regional legislatures.
Similar to the UK, plays a secondary role in lawmaking.
Two Top Courts
Rule by law, not rule of law.
Legal system used to enforce their will rather than being above all.
Judiciary
Has the power to review, but it has not been used as a check on executive power.
Asymmetric Federalism
Formal accommodation through federalism to allow degrees of autonomy for ethnic minorities.
Federalism is weak and tightly controlled due to the power of dominant one-party system.
Electoral System
originally was mixed and went pure proportional, and it's back to mixed.
Winter Protests
Protests against fraudulent elections.
Ethnic Cleavages
Chechnya. Region, ethnicity, religion, political violence.
Orthodox Church
Emphasis on religion as a form of legitimacy.
Renter State
Impact of a renter state and the resource curse.
Strong reliance on natural resources.
Regional Organization
CIS extends regional influence.
Media is state owned.
Ukraine
War in Ukraine has been successful for Putin in terms of domestic politics, but not on the battlefield.
It has been used to strongly go against any sort of opposition voices.

Parliamentary System
No chance of divided government.

Chechen Civil War Increase Putin's Legitimacy
Violence and military losses weakened legitimacy. Putin increased nationalism.
Russia's election
Formal paper of very high voter turnout, high margin of victory, voters accept the election result.
Constitutionalism
Doesn't burn the constitution. Introduces constitutional amendments.
Legislature is official and it passes the law.
Russia vs. Mexico for nationalization vs. privatization.

China

Economic Issues

Rapid economic liberalization under Deng Xiaoping.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Migration to eastern cities, foreign direct investment, urbanization.
No political liberalization: Tiananmen Square.
Stabilizing and continuing economic policies under Xi Jinping.
Emphasis on stabilizing and continuing that and his solid power.
COVID came post CED.
White paper protests.

Political System

Institutions in CED: Politburo and Standing Committee, general secretary, president, premier, National People's Congress (NPC).
Party hierarchy: Party creates policies, chooses leadership.
NPC: Takes policies, writes them as an official law, gives the rubber stamp, grants legitimacy.
Head of government: The premier implements laws through the bureaucracy.
Chief executive: general Secretary wears three hats general secretary, President, chairman of the Central Commission.
Formally President is chosen by NPC .

One-Party System
Limited civil society, tight control.
Other political parties exist but don't provide opposition.

Village Elections
Only form of direct elections.
Must mention villages elections

State
Is a unitary state , the government has all the powers.
Government can choose to give power the region.
Autonomous Regions, such as Xinjiang and Tibet-very titled control
Special and minister active regions: Hong Kong and Macau
Autonomy can also be taken away national security roles
Rule by Law, Not Rule of Law.
Legal System
Formalize legal system.
Party and top officials will not be held accountable.
Iii Corruption Campaign
For rival functions within the government.

Ethnic Cleavages
religion ethnicity, has some strategies.
Use of the military in Chenchan civil war and going against cartels in Mexico, but in forcing in Zichang.
Hokou System
Restrain urban vs rural and migration
Rural people move into people the the cities to do labor. A lot of welfare system dependent on the regions. A floating system is a problem
One child system is a great example!
What what demographic changes that can use to be concerned with how many how older population
High degree of censorship
Control over social media
Very state of role of in control the economy
Were a member state of WTO
China's general. Legislature rubber stamp?
Cultural cleavages of china similar to other core countries?
Tibetans similar with conflicts from Nigeria
. One country two systems?

The UK

Political System

Well Dorse state .
*Corporatism vs palalism
Northern Ireland can be good example.
*Thatcher:
Economic liberalization, privatization, deregulation state versus the union.
Economic growth versus inequality
Balar has some ideology, devotion and an anti-mint government. They have an austerity conservatives has an austerity.

Parliamentarily system
Minority parties
Majority party forms the government, and the prime minister is chosen from within.

Brexit has brought a number of issues.
Anti immigrant Sentiments.
Sovereignty is super important.

** electoral system** is first pass the post which disadvantages minor political parties party and there.
Two prominent party conservative and labor .
Ceremonial state, and head of government who were on foreign policy and military
Civil services bureaucracy that help and independent in.
That civil service in a system like us would a more illogical system in China you can hire patriot tell us tell them too.
There is not a single constitution. It doesn't have have one so system precedent
Core concept on is the parliamentary sovereignty!
House of wars is secondary to house of commons.
Is a unitary state.
System of Devolution.
It gives people local autonomy.

.European Union .
Globalization Trade the impact immigration that has different points, which touches on a bunch of different subjects

Multiethnic, and from former colonization. The success in the government and terrorism
Main demographic change is more people aging population.
A lot of people are just looking for material to change their lives.
UK play into this role of post materialism.
Post material issues as climate change or gender equity and LGT
Are cultural cleavages similar to other core countries?
What do needs to know? It's a mix with everything that is stated in that
House of Lords have to have the same deals to be bills and agree and become lost?
Yes
But most cabinets ministers get nominated from the parliament
Is the unit in first pass the post of electoral for legislator health comments and for the prison industry direct selection to the prime minister. The cabinet selection is the prime minister selects the members instead. The system as we was talking about what is the biggest business between federalism and division?
What role BBC does The new media play and they are independent but they don't spread propped that the guy's they're just to be nice but try to be neutral to be global sources.
What's the biggest different between the EU and OPEC?

Nigeria

Similarities with Mexico single executive federalism
Major ethnic groups three the 3 main groups are house of fulahni Yoruba and equal.
Biafran civil war and they don't ask you is but the details about it.
*Nigeria is a great example a frontier state in impact of corruption.
Regime chaiges are pretty good to look at.
Niger River Delat
Oil extraction, civil society and social movements, Kensar, Wiwa and public private partnerships.
Since 1999 they have been in the republic.
The government structures our similar on the street residential single executive
Federalism by camera legislature that supreme court of growing and power and independent.
There are ethnic voters called Fed character voters in the bureaucracy.
Federalism system the ethnic communities are represented in the nation's lecture
A great examples of national Electoral Commission
Fairer in violent elections. It does have great numbers for a lot of people feel like they're elections are violent.
This is important to acknowledge
There different Nigerian civil groups.
The the anti SARS the special for force and police violence.
Nigerian freedom has not been as terrible as a few some of the other countries.
Nigeria is an excellent of the Resource curse they want to talk about as a lot with sanctions.
Demograhics and fertilizer has a high fertility right because that's all challenge that you
A lot of times I get the IML and World Bank loans to help the Economy ECO
ECO WAS is very very very important in the region.
What kind of Cleages is there? If had to pull it out
And patron clients
OPEC is the organization of petroleum it control this of all of the countries, and the OPEC has similar things
Is the unitarian the first pass?
How the house common the hell? What happens and all all the details.

How you got the house got.
Select the cabinet members.
Is there any questions about the what the government needs to know?

Iran
The details aren't super specific but I still need to know them and know their meaning.
The Iran Civil system.
What those three presidents?
Supreme Leadaer
Very difficult
What a civil system looks like
The system of justice which what is actually really good!
What makes a great power structure
The government has all the all the control and everything like that
And no one really has all that much power or anything like that!
Justic system is on for their use!
It only has a great potential though!
The multi-party is a big aspect here!
The electorial system.
The religios. The Shiite religious vs a Sunni one that is the ethnic diffences because people will push agaisnt and protest
The system is is actually an electorial system. And not really !
The economy side of it is as not the greatest to the economy. No. No not!
What the international sanctions do for and aginats them . what are some sanctions and great things !
What really pushes people as for the goverment side too !
econmic issues with coutnries !