science 2

• Ribosomes - small structures that are made up of RNA & proteins

• Endoplasmic Reticulum - membranous structure that forms a network of canals through which proteins and other molecules are transported.

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) most ribosomes are attached, proteins produced in the ribosomes need to be transported through the RER.

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER), branching canal without ribosomes that transport large molecules inside the cell

• Golgi Complex - forms a stack of flattened sacs located close to the ER, modifies proteins produced in the ribosomes, packaged cell products are moved within the cell via transport vesicles

Organelles for Storage & Breakdown

• Vacuoles - store materials such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts

• Vesicles - responsible for the storage and transport of materials between cells

• Lysosomes - membrane-bound organelles that contain different hydrolytic enzymes.They break down carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. The membrane is a lipid bilayer that prevent lysozymes from destroying each other

Endomembrane System - Nucleus > ER > Golgi Complex

Plant Cell & Animal Cell

Cell Wall - Present, Absent

Plastid - Present Absent

Vacuoles - Single & large, Numerous & small

Centrioles - Absent, Present

Red Blood Cells - transport oxygen from the lungs to the different organs of the body.

White Blood Cells - Are large group of cells that protect the body against invading pathogens. Macrophages and dendritic cells

Microorganisms

• Bacteria - oldest life forms on earth (blue-green algae are the first bacteria), prokaryotes, no nucleus, reproduce without fusion of reproductive cells, most are single-celled

• Cocci - circular

• Bacilli - rod-shaped

• Spirilla - spiral

• Archaens

Levels of Organization of Life

Cell > TIssue > Organ > Organ System > Organism

Sexual Reproduction - involves 2 parents and the union of gametes

Asexual Reproduction - parent self-reproduces, does not involve the union two reproductive cells or sex cells or gametes

Prokaryotes - cell divides into two identical cells that are the exact copy of the parent cell

Plants (asexual)

Flowering plants (sexual) - pistil (female), stamen (male)

Pollination > Fertilization > Seed Dispersal > Germination

Ecology - Comes from the Greek words “oikos” – “house”, and “logos” – “to study”.

Ecologists - scientists who study ecology, study both living and non-living or physical environments

Biosphere - Is the part of the earth that supports life. It includes the top portion of Earth’s crust (lithosphere), all the bodies of water on Earth’s surface (hydrosphere), and the surrounding air (atmosphere)

Biome - They have the same plant and climate

Ecosystem - composed of biotic things that interact with one another and with all the abiotic factors in the environment

Community - consists of different species of organisms that interact with one another in a given area.

Population - may house different groups of organisms, they may have the same species that life in a defined area

Organism - individual life form, species are a group of organisms that share general physical characteristics, habitat is a defined area of where an organism lives. The role that a species plays in its habitat is called niche

Biosphere > Ecosystem > Community > Population > Organism

Biotic Components - made up of producers and consumers

Producers - autotrophs (make their own food)

Consumers - heterotrophs

• Primary Consumers - herbivores

• Secondary Consumers - carnivores

• Omnivores - eat both plants and animals

• Scavengers - consumers that feed on dead organisms

• Decomposers - perform important roles in recycling nutrients in the environment

• Detritivores - break down large chunks of dead or decaying organic matter

Abiotic Components - nonliving factors that help sustain life in the ecosystem (water, sunlight, temperature, oxygen, soil)

Competition - organisms compete with one another for resources

Predation - consumer captures and feeds on one another

Parasitism - one organism benefits at the expense of the other

Mutualism - both organisms benefit from one another

Commensalism - one organism benefits while the other is neither benefited nor harmed)

Symbiosis - refers to the living together of two or more organisms, called symbionts