Chapter 12 AP Psych Flashcards Set

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion).

Subjective discomfort

emotional distress or emotional pain.

Acrophobia

fear of heights.

Specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events.

Personality disorder

disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions.

Free-floating anxiety

anxiety that is unrelated to any specific and known cause.

Delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness.

Magnification

the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are.

Manic

having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability.

All-or-nothing thinking

the tendency to believe that one’s performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure.

Generalized anxiety disorder

disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts 6 months or more.

Claustrophobia

fear of being in a small, enclosed space.

Stress-vulnerability model

explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.

Biological model

model of explaining thinking or behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body.

Schizophrenia

severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality.

Social anxiety disorder

(social phobia) fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation.

Affect

in psychology, a term indicating “emotion” or “mood.”

Bipolar disorder

periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression (bipolar I disorder), or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (bipolar II disorder).

Hallucinations

false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist.

Psychotic

refers to an individual’s inability to separate what is real and what is fantasy.

Anorexia nervosa

(anorexia) a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected. In adults, this is likely associated with a BMI less than 18.5.

Binge-eating disorder

a condition in which a person overeats, or binges, on enormous amounts of food at one sitting, but unlike bulimia nervosa, the individual does not then purge or use other unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.

Major depressive disorder

severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause, or is too severe for current circumstances.

Cultural relativity

the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

Situational context

the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior.

Acute stress disorder

(ASD) a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to “relive” the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event.

Panic disorder

disorder in which panic attacks occur more than once or repeatedly and cause persistent worry or changes in behavior.

Negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production.

Positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking.

Sociocultural perspective

perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions, society, and culture on an individual’s thinking and behavior; in psychopathology, approach that examines the impact of social interactions, community, and culture on a person’s thinking, behavior, and emotions.

Bulimia nervosa

(bulimia) a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “bingeing,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

(PTSD) a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month; symptoms may appear immediately or not occur until 6 months or later after the traumatic event.

Overgeneralization

distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original; the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure.

Anxiety

the anticipation of some future threat, often associated with worry, vigilance, and muscle tension; anxiety is different from, but typically related to, the emotion of fear and the physiological consequences of sympathetic activation (the fight or flight response).

Panic attack

sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.

Cultural syndromes

sets of particular symptoms of distress found in particular cultures, which may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture.

Antisocial personality disorder

(ASPD) disorder in which a person uses other people without worrying about their rights or feelings and often behaves in an impulsive or reckless manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior.

Maladaptive

anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life.

Dissociative identity disorder

(DID) disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body.

Agoraphobia

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible.

Minimization

the tendency to give little or no importance to one’s successes or positive events and traits.

Phobia

an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.

Biopsychosocial model

perspective in which abnormal thinking or behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

Cognitive psychologists

psychologists who study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information.

Dependent personality disorder

personality disorder in which the person is clingy, submissive, fearful of separation, requires constant reassurance, feels helpless when alone, and has others assume responsibility for most areas of life.

Paranoid personality disorder

personality disorder in which a person exhibits pervasive and widespread distrust and suspiciousness of others.

Psychopathology

the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction.

Psychological disorder

any pattern of behavior or thinking that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.

Anxiety disorders

class of disorders in which the primary symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety.

Catatonia

disturbed behavior ranging from statue-like immobility to bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking.

Flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness.

Mood disorders

disorders in which mood is severely disturbed.

Borderline personality disorder

(BLPD) maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others with a pattern of self-destructiveness, chronic loneliness, and disruptive anger in close relationships.

Dissociative disorders

disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination.